Integrated application of organic acids and earthworms improves rhizosphere microbiome, reduces health risks, and modulates proteomic and transcriptomic responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under aluminum stress.

Soil contamination with toxic heavy metals such as aluminum (Al) is becoming a serious global problem due to the rapid development of the social economy. Organic acid and earthworms (Eisenia fetida) are efficient, environmentally friendly, and biodegradable and they enhance the solubility, absorption, and stability of metals. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the individual and combined effects of organic chelating agents such as ascorbic acid and malic acid (5.