ZmWRKY70 activates the expression of hypoxic responsive genes in maize and enhances tolerance to submergence in Arabidopsis.

Hypoxic stress due to submergence is a serious threat to the growth and development of maize. WRKY transcription factors are significant regulators of plant responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Nevertheless, their function and regulatory mechanisms in the resistance of maize to submergence stress remain unclear. Here we report the cloning of a maize WRKY transcription factor gene, ZmWRKY70, transcripts of which accumulate under submergence stress in maize seedlings. Subcellular localization analysis and yeast transcriptional activation assay indicated that ZmWRKY70 was localized in the nucleus and had transcriptional activation activity. Heterologous overexpression of ZmWRKY70 in Arabidopsis increased the tolerance of seeds and seedlings to submergence stress by upregulating the transcripts of several key genes involved in anaerobic respiration, such as group VII ethylene-responsive factor (ERFVII) (AtRAP2.2), alcohol dehydrogenase (AtADH1), pyruvate decarboxylase (AtPDC1/2), and sucrose synthase (AtSUS4), under submergence conditions. Moreover, the overexpression of ZmWRKY70 in maize mesophyll protoplasts enhanced the expression of ZmERFVII members (ZmERF148, ZmERF179, and ZmERF193), ZmADH1, ZmPDC2/3, and ZmSUS1. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase activity assays further confirmed that ZmWRKY70 enhanced the expression of ZmERF148 by binding to the W box motif located in the promoter region of ZmERF148. Together, these results indicate that ZmWRKY70 plays a significant role in tolerance of submergence stress. This work provides a theoretical basis, and suggests excellent genes, for biotechnological breeding to improve the tolerance of maize to submergence through the regulation of ZmWRKY genes.