Soil Inoculation and Blocker-Mediated Sequencing Show Effects of the Antibacterial T6SS on Agrobacterial Tumorigenesis and Gallobiome.

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is deployed by many proteobacteria to secrete effector proteins into bacterial competitors for competition or eukaryotic cells for pathogenesis. Agrobacteria, a group of soilborne phytopathogens causing crown gall disease on various plant species, deploy the T6SS to attack closely and distantly related bacterial species and . Current evidence suggests that the T6SS is not essential for pathogenesis under direct inoculation, but it remains unknown whether the T6SS influences natural disease incidence or the microbial community within crown galls (i.e., the gallobiome). To address these two key questions, we established a soil inoculation method on wounded tomato seedlings that mimics natural infections and developed a bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon enrichment sequencing platform. By comparing the wild-type strain C58 with two T6SS mutants, we demonstrate that the T6SS influences both disease occurrence and gallobiome composition. Based on multiple inoculation trials across seasons, all three strains induced tumors, but the mutants had significantly lower disease incidences. The season of inoculation played a more important role than the T6SS in shaping the gallobiome. The influence of the T6SS was evident in summer, during which two species and the family were enriched in the gallobiome induced by the mutants. Further competition and colonization assays demonstrated the T6SS-mediated antagonism to a sp. R1 strain isolated from tomato rhizosphere in this study. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that the T6SS promotes tumorigenesis in infection processes and provides competitive advantages in gall-associated microbiota. The T6SS is widespread among proteobacteria and used for interbacterial competition by agrobacteria, which are soil inhabitants and opportunistic bacterial pathogens causing crown gall disease in a wide range of plants. Current evidence indicates that the T6SS is not required for gall formation when agrobacteria are inoculated directly on plant wounding sites. However, in natural settings, agrobacteria may need to compete with other bacteria in bulk soil to gain access to plant wounds and influence the microbial community inside crown galls. The role of the T6SS in these critical aspects of disease ecology have remained largely unknown. In this study, we successfully developed a oil noculation method coupled with locker-mediated enrichment of terial 16S rRNA gene amplicon uencing, named SI-BBacSeq, to address these two important questions. We provided evidence that the T6SS promotes disease occurrence and influences crown gall microbiota composition by interbacterial competition.