Evaluation of cytotoxic, oxidative stress and genotoxic responses of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on human blood cells.

The present study was designed to investigate genotoxic and cytotoxic effects and oxidative damage of increasing concentrations of nano-hydroxyapatite (5, 10, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 300, 500 and 1000 ppm) in primary human blood cell cultures. Cell viability was detected by [3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay and lactate dehydrogenase release, while total antioxidant capacity and total oxidative stress levels were determined to evaluate the oxidative injury. The DNA damage was also analyzed by sister chromatid exchange, micronuclei, chromosome aberration assays and 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine level as indicators of genotoxicity. The results of [3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] and lactate dehydrogenase assays showed that the higher concentrations (150, 300, 500 and 1000 ppm) of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAP NPs) decreased cell viability. HAP NPs led to increases of total oxidative stress (300, 500 and 1000 ppm) levels and decreased total antioxidant capacity (150, 300, 500 and 1000 ppm) levels in cultured human blood cells. On the basis of increasing concentrations, HAP NPs caused significant increases of sister chromatid exchange, micronuclei, chromosome aberration rates and 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine levels as compared to untreated culture. In conclusion, the obtained in vitro results showed that HAP NPs had dose-dependent effects on inducing oxidative damage, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in human blood cells.