Revolutionising portal hypertension diagnosis: the rise of non-invasive techniques in liver cirrhosis.

Liver cirrhosis is associated with serious complications of portal hypertension (PH), which ultimately causes variceal bleeding and ascites in a life-threatening manner. Non-invasive diagnostic techniques have evolved as an essential tool of early detection and management from a stand point of being dependent on invasive diagnostic techniques. This review summarises the most recent progress in noninvasive diagnostic possibilities in PH in liver cirrhosis in terms of its clinical use and future outlook.

Exploring the role of ferroptosis in esophageal cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.

With the development of medical and health care, esophageal cancer (EC) has become a disease of concern to the scientific research community. At present, among all treatment regimens for EC, surgical resection is conducive to the prognosis of early patients neoadjuvant therapies are recommended for advanced patients. However, treatments now are not satisfactory in suppressing the progression of EC.

Advances in the Study of Pyroptosis in Dermatological Disorders.

Pyroptosis is a proinflammatory procedural cell die-off characterised by the forming of membrane pores that are mediated by a series of aerogelin proteins. Pyroptosis occurs by caspase-1 dependent typical signalling pathways, caspase-4/5/11 dependent atypical signalling pathways, and other signalling pathways (GSDME, GSDMD, GSDMA, GSDMB and GSDMC mediated signalling pathways). Pyroptosis may assist in the elimination of the pathogen as a type of mechanism of host defence, but pyroptosis-induced inflammation can lead to dysfunction and organ damage, exacerbating the pathology of the disease.

Mechanisms of copper metabolism and cuproptosis: implications for liver diseases.

Copper is an essential trace element in the human body, involved in various biological processes, including cell metabolism, nerve development, and immune function. Its homeostasis is vital for maintaining normal cellular functions, and disruptions in copper homeostasis can lead to a wide range of diseases. Cuproptosis is a copper ion-dependent form of programmed cell death that leads to abnormal oligomerization of lipoylated proteins and dysfunction of iron-sulfur cluster proteins in the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, thereby triggering intracellular oxidative stress and proteotoxic stress.

Renal aging and its consequences: navigating the challenges of an aging population.

With the aggravation of population aging, kidney aging and its impact on health have been widely concerned. Renal aging not only involves structural and functional changes but also is significantly linked to the occurrence and progression of some kidney diseases. Mechanisms of renal aging include oxidative stress, reduced Klotho levels, cellular senescence, and chronic inflammation.

Effects of choline metabolite-trimethylamine N-oxide on immunometabolism in inflammatory bowel disease.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a key metabolite derived from the gut microbial metabolism of choline, has recently been implicated as a significant contributor to the development of several chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. Its detrimental effects have garnered widespread attention in the scientific community. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), marked by persistent and recurring gastrointestinal inflammation, is a significant global health issue.

Ferroptosis and bone health: bridging the gap between mechanisms and therapy.

Ferroptosis is a novel type of programmed cell death that was discovered in recent years and is closely associated with disorders in iron cycling, abnormal lipid metabolism, excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species, and cellular antioxidant-related signaling pathways. Numerous studies have shown that ferroptosis plays a critical role in the development and progression of bone and joint diseases, although the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This review aims to outline the relevant mechanisms of ferroptosis, its implications in the bone microenvironment, and the mechanisms of action and therapeutic perspectives of ferroptosis in common bone and joint diseases, with the goal of informing future clinical research and treatment strategies targeting ferroptosis under these conditions.

Unveiling the link: aging and its impact on ocular diseases.

Aging is a process of structural and functional decline that occurs in the body with increasing age. As aging progresses, it weakens the cellular system, leading to dysfunction and metabolic imbalance (mitochondrial metabolism, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and blood and fluid flow changes), which can result in disease. Due to its unique immune and barrier systems, extensive cellular senescence can lead to various eye diseases such as cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), presbyopia, dry eye disease (DED), corneal disease, vitreous opacity, and diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Therapeutic approaches to delay lung aging: understanding cellular and immune system changes in the older adults.

As human lifespan extends, the impact of aging on health has become a significant research area, with increasing focus on pulmonary health. The lung, as a complex organ, undergoes various microenvironmental changes during aging, which are crucial for lung function and the development of related diseases. Aging affects the pulmonary microenvironment in multiple ways, accelerating the decline in lung function.

Genetic Susceptibility to Causal Relationship Between Iron Metabolism Disorder Involving Immunocytes and Risk of Pneumonia and Sepsis.

Recent studies showed ferritin increase and hemoglobin decrease to COVID-19 severity and sepsis mortality. However, the potential relationship between iron metabolism disorders and susceptibility to pneumonia remains unclear. This study explores the association between iron metabolism disorder and susceptibility to bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, and sepsis.

Development of a risk prediction model for secondary infection in severe/critical COVID-19 patients.

Objective: This study aimed to develop a predictive model for secondary infections in patients with severe or critical COVID-19 by analyzing clinical characteristics and laboratory indicators.

Method: A total of 307 patients with severe or critical COVID-19 admitted to Peking University Third Hospital from December 2022 to February 2023 were retrospectively analyzed, including 156 patients with secondary infection and 151 patients without secondary infection. The Boruta algorithm identified significant variables, and eight machine learning models were evaluated based on area under the curve (AUC) performance.

Epigenetic regulation in oogenesis and fetal development: insights into m6A modifications.

The unique physiological structure of women has led to a variety of diseases that have attracted the attention of many people in recent years. Disturbances in the reproductive system microenvironment lead to the progression of various female tumours and pregnancy disorders. Numerous studies have shown that epigenetic modifications crucially influence both oogenesis and foetal development.

From mechanisms to medicine: Ferroptosis as a Therapeutic target in liver disorders.

In recent 10 years, ferroptosis has become a hot research direction in the scientific research community as a new way of cell death. Iron toxicity accumulation and lipotoxicity are unique features. Several studies have found that ferroptosis is involved in the regulation of the hepatic microenvironment and various hepatic metabolisms, thereby mediating the progression of related liver diseases.

Targeting caspase-8: a new strategy for combating hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer and has a high mortality rate. Caspase-8 plays a pivotal role in an array of cellular signaling pathways and is essential for the governance of programmed cell death mechanisms, inflammatory responses, and the dynamics of the tumor microenvironment. Dysregulation of caspase-8 is intricately linked to the complex biological underpinnings of HCC.

Decoding ferroptosis: transforming orthopedic disease management.

As a mechanism of cell death, ferroptosis has gained popularity since 2012. The process is distinguished by iron toxicity and phospholipid accumulation, in contrast to autophagy, apoptosis, and other cell death mechanisms. It is implicated in the advancement of multiple diseases across the body.

Indeterminate Result of Interferon-γ Release Assay-A Risk Factor of Mortality for COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Respiratory Infections.

Toward the end of 2022, the cessation of China's "dynamic zero-COVID policy" had led to a notable outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infections and a substantial number of severe cases and deaths were reported, which raised serious concerns. Concurrently, our study identified a significant increase in the incidence of indeterminate results from the Interferon-γ Release Assay (IGRA) among hospitalized patients during this period. Peripheral T cells from these individuals were unable to produce measurable levels of IFN-γ upon stimulation with the PHA mitogen.

Exploring mechanisms of skin aging: insights for clinical treatment.

The skin is the largest organ in the human body and is made up of various cells and structures. Over time, the skin will age, which is not only influenced by internal factors, but also by external environmental factors, especially ultraviolet radiation. Aging causes immune system weakening in the elderly, which makes them more susceptible to dermatosis, such as type 2 inflammatory mediated pruritus.

The Impact of Aging on Neurological Diseases in the Elderly: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives.

With the progression of global aging, neurological diseases in elderly individuals have aroused widespread interest among researchers. Imbalances in the homeostasis of neuronal microenvironments, including neural progenitor cells and microglia, are the leading cause of worsening neurodegenerative diseases. The aging of various glial cells can further lead to abnormal functions in the central nervous system (CNS).

Mechanisms of autophagy and their implications in dermatological disorders.

Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular self-digestive process that underlies the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Autophagy is classified into three types: macrophage, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) and microphagy, which maintain cellular homeostasis through different mechanisms. Altered autophagy regulation affects the progression of various skin diseases, including psoriasis (PA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), vitiligo, atopic dermatitis (AD), alopecia areata (AA) and systemic sclerosis (SSc).

Understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms of autophagy in lung disease pathogenesis.

Lung disease development involves multiple cellular processes, including inflammation, cell death, and proliferation. Research increasingly indicates that autophagy and its regulatory proteins can influence inflammation, programmed cell death, cell proliferation, and innate immune responses. Autophagy plays a vital role in the maintenance of homeostasis and the adaptation of eukaryotic cells to stress by enabling the chelation, transport, and degradation of subcellular components, including proteins and organelles.

The Impact of Aging on Ocular Diseases: Unveiling Complex Interactions.

Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death. Aging is an important risk factor for eye diseases. The gradual deterioration of ocular tissue structure and function with age leads to the onset and progression of ocular diseases.

Exploring the impact of mA modification on immune diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic implication.

N-methyladenosine (mA) is a chemical modification of RNA and has become a widely discussed topic among scientific researchers in recent years. It is distributed in various organisms, including eukaryotes and bacteria. It has been found that mA is composed of writers, erasers and readers and is involved in biological functions such as splicing, transport and translation of RNA.

Progression of mA in the tumor microenvironment: hypoxia, immune and metabolic reprogramming.

Recently, N6-methyladenosine (mA) has aroused widespread discussion in the scientific community as a mode of RNA modification. mA comprises writers, erasers, and readers, which regulates RNA production, nuclear export, and translation and is very important for human health. A large number of studies have found that the regulation of mA is closely related to the occurrence and invasion of tumors, while the homeostasis and function of the tumor microenvironment (TME) determine the occurrence and development of tumors to some extent.