Methanol Electrochemical Upgrading to Formate for Energy Applications.

The electrochemical oxidation of methanol to formate (MTF) has emerged as a promising route for sustainable chemical production and energy storage. Despite its potential, the development of efficient MTF systems faces significant challenges, including insufficient mechanistic understanding and suboptimal catalyst design. This review highlights recent advances in MTF electrocatalysis, focusing on three key aspects: 1) reaction mechanisms at molecular level, 2) rational catalyst design strategies, and 3) practical applications in energy systems.

Validation of the hospital frailty risk score in China.

Purpose: To validate the Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) in Chinese hospital settings, describing how patients are allocated to frailty risk groups and how frailty risk is associated with length of stay (LoS) and hospital costs.

Design: Retrospective observational study.

Setting: Forty-eight hospitals in Lvliang City, Shanxi Province, China.

In Situ Grown RuNi Alloy on ZrNiN as a Bifunctional Electrocatalyst Boosts Industrial Water Splitting.

Alkaline water electrolysis represents a pivotal technology for green hydrogen production yet faces critical challenges including limited current density and high energy input. Herein, a heterostructured bimetallic nitrides supported RuNi alloy (RuNi/ZrNiN) is developed through in situ epitaxial growth under ammonolysis, achieving exceptional bifunctional activity and durability for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in 1 m KOH electrolyte. The RuNi/ZrNiN exhibits a HER current density of -2 A cm at an overpotential of 392.

Hierarchical-Structured RGO@EGaIn Composites as Advanced Self-Healing Anode for Room-Temperature Liquid Metal Battery.

Gallium-based liquid metal (LM) has emerged as a promising candidate anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), exhibiting high theoretical capacity, excellent electrode kinetics, and unique self-healing ability. However, the liquid-solid-liquid transition during the electrochemical reactions can disrupt the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and damage the structural integrity, ultimately limiting the cycling stability. Here, hierarchical-structured reduced graphene oxide coated eutectic gallium-indium liquid metal particles (RGO@EGaIn LMPs) are synthesized using a facile self-assembly strategy.

Promoting Efficient Ruthenium Sites With Lewis Acid Oxide for the Accelerated Hydrogen and Chlor-Alkali Co-Production.

Ruthenium (Ru) -based catalysts have been considered a promising candidate for efficient sustainable hydrogen and chlor-alkali co-production. Theoretical calculations have disclosed that the hollow sites on the Ru surface have strong adsorption energies of H and Cl species, which inevitably leads to poor activity for cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and anodic chlorine evolution reaction (CER), respectively. Furthermore, it have confirmed that anchoring Lewis acid oxide nanoparticles such as MgO on the Ru surface can induce the formation of the onion-like charge distribution of Ru atoms around MgO nanoparticles, thereby exposing the Ru-bridge sites at the interface as excellent H and Cl adsorption sites to accelerate both HER and CER.

Optimising the paradigms of human AI collaborative clinical coding.

Automated clinical coding (ACC) has emerged as a promising alternative to manual coding. This study proposes a novel human-in-the-loop (HITL) framework, CliniCoCo. Using deep learning capacities, CliniCoCo focuses on how such ACC systems and human coders can work effectively and efficiently together in real-world settings.

Partially Interstitial Silicon-Implanted Ruthenium as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution.

To enhance the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), it is crucial, yet challenging, to fundamentally understand and rationally modulate potential catalytic sites. In this study, we confirm that despite calculating a low water dissociation energy barrier and an appropriate H adsorption free energy (ΔG) at Ru-top sites, metallic Ru exhibits a relatively inferior activity for the alkaline HER. This is primarily because the Ru-top sites, which are potential H adsorption sites, are recessive catalytic sites, compared with the adjacent Ru-hollow sites that have a strong ΔG.

Rationally Designed Mo/Ru-Based Multi-Site Heterogeneous Electrocatalyst for Accelerated Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

The rational design of multi-site electrocatalysts with three different functions for facile HO dissociation, H-H coupling, and rapid H release is desirable but difficult to achieve. This strategy can accelerate the sluggish kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under alkaline conditions. To resolve this issue, a Mo/Ru-based catalyst with three different active sites (Ru/MoC/MoO) is rationally designed and its performance in alkaline HER is evaluated.

Atomically Dispersed Vanadium-Induced Ru-V Dual Active Sites Enable Exceptional Performance for Acidic Water Oxidation.

Regulating the catalytic reaction pathway to essentially break the activity/stability trade-off that limits RuO and thus achieves exceptional stability and activity for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is important yet challenging. Herein, we propose a novel strategy of incorporating atomically dispersed V species, including O-bridged V dimers and V single atoms, into RuO lattices to trigger direct O-O radical coupling to release O without the generation of *OOH intermediates. V-RuO showed high activity with a low overpotential of 227 mV at 10 mA cm and outstanding stability during a 1050 h test in acidic electrolyte.

Switching Product Selectivity in CO Electroreduction via Cu-S Bond Length Variation.

Regulating competitive reaction pathways to direct the selectivity of electrochemical CO reduction reaction toward a desired product is crucial but remains challenging. Herein, switching product from HCOOH to CO is achieved by incorporating Sb element into the CuS, in which the Cu-S ionic bond is coupled with S-Sb covalent bond through bridging S atoms that elongates the Cu-S bond from 2.24 Å to 2.

A Sustainable Route to Ruthenium Phosphide (RuP)/Ru Heterostructures with Electron-Shuttling of Interfacial Ru for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution.

Ruthenium (Ru) is a promising electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), despite suffering from low activity in non-acidic conditions due to the high kinetic energy barrier of HO dissociation. Herein, the synthesis of carbon nanosheet-supported RuP/Ru heterostructures (RuP/Ru@CNS) from a natural polysaccharide is reported and demonstrates its behavior as an effective HER electrocatalyst in non-acidic conditions. The RuP/Ru@CNS exhibits low overpotential (106 mV at 200 mA·cm) in alkaline electrolyte, exceeding most reported Ru-based electrocatalysts.

2D Ruthenium-Chromium Oxide with Rich Grain Boundaries Boosts Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction Kinetics.

Ruthenium oxide is currently considered as the promising alternative to Ir-based catalysts employed for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers but still faces the bottlenecks of limited durability and slow kinetics. Herein, a 2D amorphous/crystalline heterophase ac-CrRuO substitutional solid solution with pervasive grain boundaries (GBs) is developed to accelerate the kinetics of acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and extend the long-term stability simultaneously. The ac-CrRuO shows a super stability with a slow degradation rate and a remarkable mass activity of 455 A g at 1.

Substantial Impact of Built-in Electric Field and Electrode Potential on the Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction of Ru-CoP Urchin Arrays.

Although great efforts on the delicate construction of a built-in electric field (BIEF) to modify the electronic properties of active sites have been conducted, the substantial impact of BIEF coupled with electrode potential on the electrochemical reactions has not been clearly investigated. Herein, we designed an alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst composed of heterogeneous Ru-CoP urchin arrays on carbon cloth (Ru-CoP/CC) with a strong BIEF with the guidance of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Impressively, despite its unsatisfactory activity at 10 mA cm (overpotential of 44 mV), Ru-CoP/CC exhibited better activity (357 mV) than the benchmark Pt/C catalyst (505 mV) at 1 A cm .

Grain Boundary Tailors the Local Chemical Environment on Iridium Surface for Alkaline Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

Even though grain boundaries (GBs) have been previously employed to increase the number of active catalytic sites or tune the binding energies of reaction intermediates for promoting electrocatalytic reactions, the effect of GBs on the tailoring of the local chemical environment on the catalyst surface has not been clarified thus far. In this study, a GBs-enriched iridium (GB-Ir) was synthesized and examined for the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Operando Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that a local acid-like environment with H O intermediates was created in the GBs region owing to the electron-enriched surface Ir atoms at the GBs.

Synergistic Effect of Grain Boundaries and Oxygen Vacancies on Enhanced Selectivity for Electrocatalytic CO Reduction.

Dual-engineering involved of grain boundaries (GBs) and oxygen vacancies (V) efficiently engineers the material's catalytic performance by simultaneously introducing favorable electronic and chemical properties. Herein, a novel SnO nanoplate is reported with simultaneous oxygen vacancies and abundant grain boundaries (V,G-SnO/C) for promoting the highly selective conversion of CO to value-added formic acid. Attributing to the synergistic effect of employed dual-engineering, the V,G-SnO/C displays highly catalytic selectivity with a maximum Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 87% for HCOOH production at -1.

Constructing Interfacial Oxygen Vacancy and Ruthenium Lewis Acid-Base Pairs to Boost the Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Kinetics.

Simultaneous optimization of the energy level of water dissociation, hydrogen and hydroxide desorption is the key to achieving fast kinetics for the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, the well-dispersed Ru clusters on the surface of amorphous/crystalline CeO (Ru/ac-CeO ) is demonstrated to be an excellent electrocatalyst for significantly boosting the alkaline HER kinetics owing to the presence of unique oxygen vacancy (V ) and Ru Lewis acid-base pairs (LABPs). The representative Ru/ac-CeO exhibits an outstanding mass activity of 7180 mA mg that is approximately 9 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C at the potential of -0.

Competition between Lattice Oxygen and Adsorbate Evolving Mechanisms in Rutile Ru-Based Oxide for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the primary bottleneck for electrochemical splitting of water into H. Developing robust and active OER electrocatalysts through understanding the OER mechanism is essential. However, the mechanism for OER is not yet well understood even for the most studied rutile Ru-based oxide, especially in a water-solvent environment.

In Situ Activation Endows Orthorhombic Fluorite-Type Samarium Iridium Oxide with Enhanced Acidic Water Oxidation.

Developing electrochemical catalysts for acidic water oxidation with improved activity and stability has been the key to the further popularization of proton exchange membrane electrolyzers. In this work, an orthorhombic fluorite-type samarium iridium oxide (SmIrO) catalyst is synthesized by a simple solid-state reaction. After in situ activation, the as-prepared SmIrO exhibits higher mass activity and durability than that of commercial IrO.

Fabrication of Ru/WO-WN/N-doped carbon sheets for hydrogen evolution reaction.

Recent experimental analysis indicates WO-based nanostructures exhibit poor hydrogen evolution reactivity, particularly in alkaline medium, arising from the low electron transfer rate. It is imperative to tune the composition and structure of WO to boost the cleavage of H-OH bond. Here, we construct Ru/WO-WN/N-doped carbon sheets (Ru/WO-WN/NC) using m-WO nanosheets as precursors with the aid of RuCl, Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, and dopamine.

Boosting Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Phase Engineering and Phosphorus Doping on Ru/P-TiO.

Synergistic optimization of the elementary steps of water dissociation and hydrogen desorption for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media is a challenge. Herein, the Ru cluster anchored on a trace P-doped defective TiO substrate (Ru/P-TiO ) was synthesized as an electrocatalyst for the HER; it exhibited a commercial Pt/C-like geometric activity and an excellent mass activity of 9984.3 mA mg at -0.

MnO Film-Coated NiFe-LDH Nanosheets on Ni Foam as Selective Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Seawater Oxidation.

Compared to freshwater electrolysis, seawater electrolysis to produce hydrogen is preferable and more promising, but this technology is plagued by the electrode's corrosion and oxidative reactions of the competitive Cl ion on the anode. To develop efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts for seawater electrolysis, the ultrathin MnO film-covered NiFe-layered double-hydroxide nanosheet array is directly assembled on Ni foam (MnO/NiFe-LDH/NF) by hydrothermal and electrodeposition in turn. This catalyst demonstrates excellent OER-selective activity in alkaline saline electrolytes.

PEO-PPO-PEO induced holey NiFe-LDH nanosheets on Ni foam for efficient overall water-splitting and urea electrolysis.

Exploring the transition-metal-based bifunctional electrocatalysts with high performance for efficient water-splitting and urea electrolysis is significant but challenging. This work presents the in situ preparation of holey NiFe-LDH nanosheets on Ni foam (H-NiFe-LDH/NF) via a one-step hydrothermal method in the presence of PEO-PPO-PEO as the soft template. The holey NiFe-LDH nanosheets provide a high electrochemical surface area, more edge catalytic sites, and abundant oxygen vacancies.

The synergistic effect of Hf-O-Ru bonds and oxygen vacancies in Ru/HfO for enhanced hydrogen evolution.

Ru nanoparticles have been demonstrated to be highly active electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). At present, most of Ru nanoparticles-based HER electrocatalysts with high activity are supported by heteroatom-doped carbon substrates. Few metal oxides with large band gap (more than 5 eV) as the substrates of Ru nanoparticles are employed for the HER.

Electrodeposition of NiFe-layered double hydroxide layer on sulfur-modified nickel molybdate nanorods for highly efficient seawater splitting.

Developing high-efficiency and earth-abundant electrocatalysts for electrochemical seawater-splitting is of great significance but remains a grand challenge due to the presence of high-concentration chloride. This work presents the synthesis of a three-dimensional core-shell nanostructure with an amorphous and crystalline NiFe-layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) layer on sulfur-modified nickel molybdate nanorods supported by porous Ni foam (S-NiMoO@NiFe-LDH/NF) through hydrothermal and electrodeposition. Benefiting from high intrinsic activity, plentiful active sites, and accelerated electron transfer, S-NiMoO@NiFe-LDH/NF displays an outstanding bifunctional catalytic activity toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in both simulated alkaline seawater and natural seawater electrolytes.

Sodium-Decorated Amorphous/Crystalline RuO with Rich Oxygen Vacancies: A Robust pH-Universal Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalyst.

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a key reaction for many electrochemical devices. To date, many OER electrocatalysts function well in alkaline media, but exhibit poor performances in neutral and acidic media, especially the acidic stability. Herein, sodium-decorated amorphous/crystalline RuO with rich oxygen vacancies (a/c-RuO ) was developed as a pH-universal OER electrocatalyst.