A comprehensive review on the formation and mitigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH4) in edible oils: From oilseeds to oils.

Edible oils are susceptible to contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly PAH4 compounds, which include Benz [a]anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo [b]fluoranthene, and Benzo [a]pyrene, all of which are recognized for their toxic and carcinogenic properties. This review examines the mechanisms underlying the formation of PAH4 in edible oils, with a particular focus on the transformation process from oilseeds to oils. Factors influencing the formation of PAH4 include environmental contamination, the composition of fatty acids, and processing methods such as extraction, refining, and cooking.

Non-centrosymmetric structures designed rationally a "dimensionality addition" strategy toward the promising nonlinear optical family [A-X][In-Se] (A = K/Ba and Rb/Ba; X = Cl and Br).

Formulating a well-defined strategy for designing non-centrosymmetric (NCS) structures is an urgent requirement but a formidable challenge. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive statistical analysis of tetrahedra-based chalcogenide systems, revealing a significantly high probability for obtaining NCS structures in rigid three-dimensional (3D) systems, where the arrangement of tetrahedral units is minimally influenced by the non-directional spherical coordination of electropositive cations. Based on this premise, a "dimensionality addition" strategy implemented by regulating the A/M ratio (A = electropositive cations and M = tetrahedrally coordinated cations) is established for the first time.

Expanding the Spectral Range in T2-Supertetrahedral Nonlinear Optical Chalcogenides via Incorporating Inorganic Polycations.

Metal-chalcogenide supertetrahedral clusters that exhibit significant hyperpolarizability are highly sought after as promising nonlinear optical (NLO) function modules. However, these "naked" anionic clusters are commonly coordinated with organic ligands to maintain electrical neutrality, which unfortunately limits their utility in the mid- and far-infrared (MFIR) region due to strong absorption. In this study, we successfully substituted the organic ligand with the unprecedented (XKBa) supertetrahedral cations, which are suitable size and high charge, and integrated them with (InSe) supertetrahedral clusters to form 3D salt-inclusion chalcogenides (SICs), [KBaX][InSe] (X = Cl 1, Br 2).

Reinforced Nonlinear Optical Performances Induced by P-P Homoatomic Bond in Phosphide SrInSiP.

Phosphides exhibit great promise as a nonlinear optical (NLO) material system; however, the challenge of simultaneously achieving robust second-harmonic generation (SHG) response, wide band gap, and large birefringence within a single structure remains daunting. Herein, by leveraging the design concept of "multi-asymmetric-module integration", we have successfully harvested a brand-new non-centrosymmetric phosphide SrInSiP, which showcases the characteristics of a three-dimensional framework constructed by diverse [SiP] and [InP] trimers, as well as P-P homoatomic bonds. The introduction of P-P bond distinguishes SrInSiP from the kindred SrInSiP, ultimately resulting in "killing three birds with one stone", including a remarkable 30-fold enhancement in SHG intensity, a 2.

Impact of Microstructural Units Configuration and Arrangement on Phase-Matching in Nonlinear Optical KGaSe Crystals.

Achieving phase-matching (PM) behavior, which is typically derived from sufficient birefringence (Δ), is crucial for maximizing the nonlinear optics (NLO) laser power output. Δ is largely attributed to the configuration and arrangement of microstructural units, and phase transitions will significantly alter the stacking method of structural units. In this study, we successfully synthesized two diamond-like isomers of α-KGaSe (2, ) and β-KGaSe (1, ), which consist of open-honeycomb-like anionic frameworks interspersed with embedded K cations.

BaFS: Birefringence Enhanced by the Transformation from Optical Isotropy to Anisotropy via Interlayer Anion Substitution.

Improved birefringence, given its capacity to modulate polarized light, holds a lively role in the optoelectronic industry. Traditionally, alkaline-earth metal halides have possessed low birefringence due to their nearly optical isotropic properties. Herein, the substitution of interlayer anion with linear S─S unit that meticulously engineered by reduced valence state and strong covalent bond is integrated into the optically isotropic BaF, offering the new salt-inclusion chalcogenide BaFS.

Achieving Phase-Matching in Nonlinear Optical Materials CsMInS (M = Cd/In, Hg/In) by the Incorporation of Unprecedented Trigonal Planar MS Motifs.

The trigonal planar unit possesses significant hyperpolarizability and polarizability anisotropy, which makes it useful for optimizing nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, however, chalcogenide with this unit has seldom been reported. In this work, a novel approach is introduced by integrating the unprecedented trigonal planar MS (M = Cd/In, Hg/In) motifs into the nearly optically isotropic tetrahedral units, resulting in two novel chalcogenides CsMInS (M = Cd/In, 1; Hg/In, 2). Notably, structures 1 and 2 feature nearly planar triangular units at the center, encircled by three trimers, further interconnecting each other to create 3D frameworks.

Salt-inclusion chalcogenides with d-orbital components: unveiling remarkable nonlinear optical properties and dual-band photoluminescence.

Metals containing d-orbitals are typically characterized by strong deformation and polarization, yet they tend to induce narrow bandgaps that render them little-appreciated by high-power nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals. Incorporating highly electropositive polycations into d-orbital-containing chalcogenides to modify them into salt-inclusion chalcogenides (SICs) that are competitive in NLO materials, is a viable solution to this predicament. In the present work, two isostructural SICs [KCl][MGaS] (M = Mn, 1; Hg, 2) are successfully synthesized by the high-temperature molten-salt growth method.

Developing a High-Umami, Low-Salt Soy Sauce through Accelerated Moromi Fermentation with and Strains.

The traditional fermentation process of soy sauce employs a hyperhaline model and has a long fermentation period. A hyperhaline model can improve fermentation speed, but easily leads to the contamination of miscellaneous bacteria and fermentation failure. In this study, after the conventional koji and moromi fermentation, the fermentation broth was pasteurized and diluted, and then inoculated with three selected microorganisms including , , and for secondary fermentation.

HgBr: an easily growing wide-spectrum birefringent crystal.

Birefringent materials are of great significance to the development of modern optical technology; however, research on halide birefringent crystals with a wide transparent range remains limited. In this work, mercuric bromide (HgBr) has been investigated for the first time as a promising birefringent material with a wide transparent window spanning from ultraviolet (UV) to far-infrared (far-IR) spectral regions (0.34-22.

Nonlinear Optical Phosphide CuInSiP: The Inaugural Member of Diamond-Like Family I-III-IV-V Inspired by ZnGeP.

Noncentrosymmetric phosphides have garnered significant attention as promising systems of infrared (IR) nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Herein, a new quaternary diamond-like phosphide family I-III-IV-V and its inaugural member, namely, CuInSiP (CISP), were successfully fabricated by isovalent and aliovalent substitution based on ZnGeP. First-principles calculations revealed that CISP has a large NLO coefficient ( = 110.

Excellent Nonlinear Optical M[M Cl][Ga S ] (M = A/Ba, A = K, Rb) Achieved by Unusual Cationic Substitution Strategy.

The typical chalcopyrite AgGaQ (Q = S, Se) are commercial infrared (IR) second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials; however, they suffer from unexpected laser-induced damage thresholds (LIDTs) primairy due to their narrow band gaps. Herein, what sets this apart from previously reported chemical substitutions is the utilization of an unusual cationic substitution strategy, represented by [[SZn ]S + [S Zn ]S + 11ZnS ⇒ MS + [M Cl]S + 11GaS ], in which the covalent S Zn units in the diamond-like sphalerite ZnS are synergistically replaced by cationic M Cl units, resulting in two novel salt-inclusion sulfides, M[M Cl][Ga S ] (M = A/Ba, A = K, 1; Rb, 2). As expected, the introduction of mixed cations in the GaS anionic frameworks of 1 and 2 leads to wide band gaps (3.

Cs Zn P S I : the Largest Birefringence in Chalcohalide Achieved by Highly Polarizable Nonlinear Optical Functional Motifs.

Chalcohalides not only keep the balance between the nonlinear optical (NLO) coefficient and wide band gap, but also provide a promising solution to achieve sufficient birefringence for phase-matching ability in NLO crystals. In this study, a novel chalcohalide, Cs Zn P S I (1) is successfully synthesized, by incorporating the highly electropositive Cs and the large electronegative I element into the zinc thiophosphate. Its 3D open framework features an edge-shared by distorted [ZnS ], ethanol-like [P S ], and unusual [ZnS I ] polyhedrons, which is inconsistent with the soft-hard-acids-bases theory.

Breaking the bottleneck of simultaneously wide band gap and large nonlinear optical coefficient by a "pore reconstruction" strategy in a salt-inclusion chalcogenide.

The template-based design of the crystal structure is a direct and highly efficient method to achieve optimal nonlinear optical (NLO, meaning second-order NLO) performances. The structural flexibility of porous salt-inclusion chalcogenides (SICs) provides an alternative platform for modulating the enlargement of the band gap (that is generally positive with laser-induced damage threshold) and second harmonic generation (SHG) response simultaneously. By applying the "pore reconstruction" strategy to SIC [KCl][MnGaS] (1), a new derivative KRb[KCl][LiMnGaS] (2) is successfully isolated, which unusually features a heterologous nanopore framework with inner diameters of 8.

Nonlinear Optical Sulfides LiMGa S (M = Rb/Ba, Cs/Ba) Created by Li Driven 2D Centrosymmetric to 3D Noncentrosymmetric Transformation.

Cations that can regulate the configuration of anion group are greatly important but regularly unheeded. Herein, the structural transformation from 2D CS to 3D noncentrosymmetric (NCS, which is the prerequisite for second-order NLO effect) is rationally designed to newly afford two sulfides LiMGa S (M = Rb/Ba, 1; Cs/Ba, 2) by introducing the smallest alkali metal Li cation into the interlamination of 2D centrosymmetric (CS) RbGaS . The unusual frameworks of 1 and 2 are constructed from C -type [Ga S ] supertetrahedrons in a highly parallel arrangement.

Open honeycomb frameworks of sulphides AHgGaS (A = Rb, Cs) exhibiting infrared nonlinear optical properties.

A crystal structure with a diamond-like anionic framework belongs to a non-centrosymmetric macrostructure due to the aligned arrangement of tetrahedral units, meeting the premise of second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Herein, two new Hg-based sulphides, namely RbHgGaS (1) and CsHgGaS (2), which are isostructural and crystallise in the trigonal space group 3, are successfully isolated in sealed silica tubes by a solid-state reaction. The features of their three-dimensional open honeycomb frameworks are attributed to the parallel alignment of tetrahedral MS (M is disordered by 0.

[K PbX][Ga S ] (X = Cl, Br, I): The First Lead-Containing Cationic Moieties with Ultrahigh Second-Harmonic Generation and Band Gaps Exceeding the Criterion of 2.33 eV.

In contrast to anionic group theory of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials that second-harmonic generation (SHG) responses mainly originate from anionic groups, structural regulation on the cationic groups of salt-inclusion chalcogenides (SICs) is performed to make them also contribute to the NLO effects. Herein, the stereochemically active lone-electron-pair Pb cation is first introduced to the cationic groups of NLO SICs, and the resultant [K PbX][Ga S ] (X = Cl, Br, I) are isolated via solid-state method. The features of their three-dimensional structures comprise highly oriented [Ga S ] and [K PbX] frameworks derived from AgGaS , which display the largest phase-matching SHG intensities (2.

Concomitant oxidation of fatty acids other than DHA and EPA plays a role in the characteristic off-odor of fish oil.

The aim of the present research was to explore the development of off-odors in fish oil from the perspective of fatty acid oxidation. It was found that the off-odors elicited by the two major ω-3 PUFAs in fish oil, i.e.

A chemometric study on the identification of 5-methylfurfural and 2-acetylfuran as particular volatile compounds of oxidized fish oil based on SHS-GC-IMS.

Fish oil develops particular off-odors, mainly fishy odor, from the oxidation of its characteristic fatty acids, docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA). Anchovy oil (AO) was taken as representative of fish oils. This was compared to three vegetable oils with different fatty acid compositions, i.

Material research from the viewpoint of functional motifs.

As early as 2001, the need for the 'functional motif theory' was pointed out, to assist the rational design of functional materials. The properties of materials are determined by their functional motifs and how they are arranged in the materials. Uncovering functional motifs and their arrangements is crucial in understanding the properties of materials and rationally designing new materials of desired properties.

Glutathione peroxidase 8 expression on cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts facilitates lung cancer metastasis.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, of which lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype. Metastasis is the major cause of poor prognosis and mortality for lung cancer patients, which urgently needs great efforts to be further explored. Herein, glutathione peroxidase 8 (GPX8) was identified as a novel potential pro-metastatic gene in LUAD metastatic mice models from GEO database.

AAgGaSe (A = Rb, Cs): second-harmonic generation responses realized through the parallel arrangement of AgSe and GaSe tetrahedrons.

Two new quaternary selenides AAgGaSe, (A = Rb, 1; Cs, 2) were synthesised solid-state reaction in sealed silica tubes. Compounds 1 and 2 crystallised in the monoclinic space group (no. 8) and their three-dimensional [AgGaSe] anionic frameworks were comprised of AgSe and GaSe tetrahedrons.