Large Language Models for CAD-RADS 2.0 Extraction From Semi-Structured Coronary CT Angiography Reports: A Multi-Institutional Study.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of large language models (LLMs) in extracting Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) 2.0 components from coronary CT angiography (CCTA) reports, and assess the impact of prompting strategies.

Materials And Methods: In this multi-institutional study, we collected 319 synthetic, semi-structured CCTA reports from six institutions to protect patient privacy while maintaining clinical relevance.

Low-Dose Chest CT Lung Cancer Screening for School Cafeteria Workers: A Position Paper from the Korean Society of Thoracic Radiology.

The Korean Society of Thoracic Radiology (KSTR) conducted an assessment on the necessity of low-dose chest CT (LDCT) lung cancer screening for Korean school cafeteria workers. This assessment was prompted by growing concerns about the potential risk of lung cancer due to exposure to carcinogenic cooking fumes. To reach a consensus on various aspects of LDCT screening for Korean school cafeteria workers, thoracic radiologists were involved in a survey that utilized the Delphi method.

Artificial intelligence-assisted longitudinal assessment of coronary artery calcification in the Korean lung cancer screening CT program.

Purpose: The clinical implications of coronary artery calcification (CAC) growth remain underexplored. This study aims to assess CAC growth and its association with adverse cardiovascular events (ACEs) in individuals undergoing lung cancer screening (LCS) using artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted evaluation.

Methods: We included patients who underwent LCS low-dose chest CT (LDCT) between April 2017 and December 2023 with available follow-up LDCT scans.

Late-Onset Crizotinib-Associated Renal Cysts With Subsequent Regression Following Dose Reduction: A Case Report.

Crizotinib, an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)/ROS1/c-MET inhibitor, improves outcomes in ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but can cause crizotinib-associated renal cysts (CARCs), a rare yet clinically relevant adverse effect. We report a case of a 68-year-old Korean male who developed complex renal cysts after 4 years of crizotinib therapy. Radiologic findings initially raised suspicion for either an abscess or a neoplastic lesion, leading to surgical resection.

Cystic Breast Lesions: Diagnostic Approach and US Assessment.

Various cystic breast lesions are encountered during screening and diagnostic breast imaging. According to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) from the American College of Radiology, cystic breast lesions can be classified into the following categories based on sonographic findings: simple cysts, complicated cysts, clustered microcysts, and complex cystic and solid masses. With appropriate technique, simple cysts can be diagnosed easily by satisfying the diagnostic criteria, which include anechoic round or oval lesions with circumscribed margins and posterior enhancement on US images.

The Relationship between the Ratio of Urine Osmolality to Serum Osmolality and Neurological Outcomes in Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients.

Background: Progressive ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest can cause damage to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, particularly the pituitary gland. This may impact serum osmolality (SOsm) and urine osmolality (UOsm) in patients who have experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We assumed that a low ratio of UOsm to SOsm (USR) is related to poor outcomes among OHCA patients.

Clinical and Imaging Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infection in Hospitalized Immunocompromised Patients.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical and imaging characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in hospitalized immunocompromised patients in comparison with immunocompetent patients.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study analyzed consecutive adult patients hospitalized for COVID-19 who received at least one dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine at two academic medical centers between June 2021 and December 2022. Immunocompromised patients (with active solid organ cancer, active hematologic cancer, active immune-mediated inflammatory disease, status post solid organ transplantation, or acquired immune deficiency syndrome) were compared with immunocompetent patients.

Coronary Artery Calcification on Low-Dose Lung Cancer Screening CT in South Korea: Visual and Artificial Intelligence-Based Assessment and Association With Cardiovascular Events.

Coronary artery calcification (CAC) on lung cancer screening low-dose chest CT (LDCT) is a cardiovascular risk marker. South Korea was the first Asian country to initiate a national LDCT lung cancer screening program, although CAC-related outcomes are poorly explored. The purpose of this article is to evaluate CAC prevalence and severity using visual analysis and artificial intelligence (AI) methods and to characterize CAC's association with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients undergoing LDCT in Korea's national lung cancer screening program.

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings and Clinical Features of COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Myocarditis, Compared With Those of Other Types of Myocarditis.

Background: To compare the clinical and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging findings of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine-associated myocarditis (VAM) with those of other types of myocarditis.

Methods: From January 2020 to March 2022, a total of 39 patients diagnosed with myocarditis via CMR according to the Modified Lake Louise criteria were included in the present study. The patients were classified into two groups based on their vaccination status: COVID-19 VAM and other types of myocarditis not associated with COVID-19 vaccination.

Pretreatment Interstitial Lung Abnormalities Detected on Abdominal Computed Tomography Scans in Prostate Cancer Patients.

Objective: Prostate cancer and interstitial lung abnormality (ILA) share similar risk factor, which is men and older age. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pretreatment ILA among prostate cancer patients who underwent abdominal computed tomography (CT) within 1 year at their first visit to the urology department. In addition, we aimed to assess the association between pretreatment ILA and long-term survival in prostate cancer patients.

AI for Detection of Tuberculosis: Implications for Global Health.

Tuberculosis, which primarily affects developing countries, remains a significant global health concern. Since the 2010s, the role of chest radiography has expanded in tuberculosis triage and screening beyond its traditional complementary role in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems for tuberculosis detection on chest radiographs have recently made substantial progress in diagnostic performance, thanks to deep learning technologies.

Drug-Eluting Bead Transarterial Chemoembolization Versus Radiofrequency Ablation as an Initial Treatment of Single Small (≤ 3 cm) Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Background: In this study, we aimed to compare the long-term therapeutic outcomes of drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) with those of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for the initial treatment of a single small (≤ 3 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods: From January 2010 to December 2021, 259 consecutive patients who underwent DEB-TACE (67 patients) or RFA (192 patients) as a first-line treatment for a single small HCC were enrolled in this retrospective study. The therapeutic outcomes, including cumulative intrahepatic local tumor progression (LTP), progression-free survival (PFS), and long-term overall survival (OS) rates, were compared between the two groups before and after propensity score (PS) matching.

Prediction of Residual Axillary Nodal Metastasis Following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer: Radiomics Analysis Based on Chest Computed Tomography.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of chest computed tomography (CT)-based qualitative and radiomics models for predicting residual axillary nodal metastasis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for patients with clinically node-positive breast cancer.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study included 226 women (mean age, 51.4 years) with clinically node-positive breast cancer treated with NAC followed by surgery between January 2015 and July 2021.

Survival impact of fibrotic interstitial lung abnormalities in resected stage IA non-small cell lung cancer.

Objectives: To assess the association between fibrotic interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) and long-term survival in patients with resected Stage IA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods: Data of patients who underwent curative resection of pathological Stage IA NSCLC between 2010 and 2015 were retrospectively analysed. ILAs were evaluated using pre-operative high-resolution CT scans.

Korean Real-World Data on Patients With Unresectable Stage III NSCLC Treated With Durvalumab After Chemoradiotherapy: PACIFIC-KR.

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate real-world evidence for efficacy and safety of durvalumab consolidation (DC) after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC.

Methods: Patients with stage III NSCLC who started DC after CRT between September 2018 and December 2020 and were treated at five tertiary hospitals in the Republic of Korea were included. The primary end point was real-world progression-free survival (rwPFS).

Effect of Interstitial Lung Abnormality on Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy-treated Stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients.

Background/aim: Pre-treatment interstitial lung abnormality (ILA) is associated with post-cancer treatment adverse events and high mortality rate in lung cancer patients. This study aimed to assess whether ILA affects the survival and development of symptomatic radiation pneumonitis (RP) in unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who had undergone definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT).

Patients And Methods: Data of stage III NSCLC patients who underwent definitive CCRT between January 2010 and November 2017 were retrospectively collected.

Clinicoradiological Features of Pulmonary Cryptococcosis in Immunocompetent Patients.

Purpose: To assess the clinicoradiological features of pulmonary cryptococcosis in immunocompetent patients.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study included immunocompetent patients who had been diagnosed with pulmonary cryptococcosis on the histopathologic exam and underwent chest CT between January 2008 and November 2019. Imaging features were divided into major imaging patterns, distributions, and ancillary imaging findings.

A Radiomics Approach on Chest CT Distinguishes Primary Lung Cancer from Solitary Lung Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer Patients.

Purpose: This study utilized a radiomics approach combined with a machine learning algorithm to distinguish primary lung cancer (LC) from solitary lung metastasis (LM) in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN).

Materials And Methods: In a retrospective study, 239 patients who underwent chest computerized tomography (CT) at three different institutions between 2011 and 2019 and were diagnosed as primary LC or solitary LM were included. The data from the first institution were divided into training and internal testing datasets.

Malignant Apocrine Lesions of the Breast: Multimodality Imaging Findings and Biologic Features.

The apocrine morphology of the breast is observed in a broad pathological spectrum, ranging from benign cysts to invasive carcinomas. However, the number of clinical research investigating malignant apocrine lesions is limited. This study retrospectively reviewed the data of patients with malignant apocrine lesions admitted in a tertiary center between January 2004 and December 2021, based on the radiology-pathology correlation and the recent advances in their status to enhance the therapeutic implications of androgen receptor (AR).

[Mediastinal Teratoma: A Pictorial Essay].

The mediastinum is the most prevalent site of extragonadal teratomas. Patients with mediastinal mature teratomas are usually young adults, and the condition does not show significant sexual differences. Mediastinal teratomas are mostly located in the anterior mediastinum.

[Pathophysiology and Role of Coronary CT Angiography in Stable Angina].

The clinical concept of coronary artery disease (CAD) has seen a paradigm shift over the last decade. CAD is mostly a progressive disease, and patients with CAD can develop acute coronary syndromes at any point in disease progression. In this clinical context, a new term, "chronic coronary syndrome," was published in the 2019 European Society of Cardiology guidelines, reflecting the importance of early diagnosis and active management.

SARS-CoV-2 Variants Infection in Relationship to Imaging-based Pneumonia and Clinical Outcomes.

Background Few reports have evaluated the effect of the SARS-CoV-2 variant and vaccination on the clinical and imaging features of COVID-19. Purpose To evaluate and compare the effect of vaccination and variant prevalence on the clinical and imaging features of infections by the SARS-CoV-2. Materials and Methods Consecutive adults hospitalized for confirmed COVID-19 at three centers (two academic medical centers and one community hospital) and registered in a nationwide open data repository for COVID-19 between August 2021 and March 2022 were retrospectively included.