Cholinergic Dysfunction in Occupational Manganese Exposure.

Background And Objective: Excessive exposure to manganese (Mn) produces a clinical syndrome of parkinsonism and cognitive impairment. However, our understanding of the mechanisms of Mn neurotoxicity remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between Mn exposure, cholinergic function, and cognitive impairment in exposed workers.

Distinct Patterns of Weight Gain, Age, and Subcortical Microstructure in Early Adolescence.

Importance: Associations between childhood obesity and brain microstructural differences have been observed. It remains unknown whether these associations are driven by sex-specific excessive weight gain. Restriction spectrum imaging characterizes brain tissue microstructural health via water diffusion, where the restricted normalized isotropic (RNI) compartment assesses neuronal and glial cellularity, which may reflect neuroinflammation, synaptic pruning, or both.

Hyperglycemia selectively increases cerebral non-oxidative glucose consumption without affecting blood flow.

Multiple studies have shown that hyperglycemia increases the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) in subcortical white matter. This observation remains unexplained. Using positron emission tomography (PET) and pancreatic glucose clamps with basal insulin replacement in twenty-nine healthy young adults (34.

Differences in White Matter Microstructure in Children With Type 1 Diabetes Persist During Longitudinal Follow-up: Relation to Dysglycemia.

Unlabelled: Type 1 diabetes has detrimental effects in white matter microstructure. In a longitudinal study, we investigated whether these reported findings change as children grow and enter puberty. At study entry, there were 143 children with type 1 diabetes and 71 control participants without diabetes, 4-9 years old.

Clinical trials for Wolfram syndrome neurodegeneration: Novel design, endpoints, and analysis models.

Objective: Wolfram syndrome, an ultra-rare condition, currently lacks effective treatment options. The rarity of this disease presents significant challenges in conducting clinical trials, particularly in achieving sufficient statistical power (e.g.

A Phenome-Wide association study (PheWAS) of genetic risk for C-reactive protein in children of European Ancestry: Results from the ABCD study.

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a moderately heritable marker of systemic inflammation that is associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes. Identifying factors associated with genetic liability to elevated CRP in childhood may inform our understanding of variability in CRP that could be targeted to prevent and/or delay the onset of related health outcomes.

Methods: We conducted a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) of genetic risk for elevated CRP (i.

The human brainstem's red nucleus was upgraded to support goal-directed action.

The red nucleus, a large brainstem structure, coordinates limb movement for locomotion in quadrupedal animals. In humans, its pattern of anatomical connectivity differs from that of quadrupeds, suggesting a different purpose. Here, we apply our most advanced resting-state functional connectivity based precision functional mapping in highly sampled individuals (n = 5), resting-state functional connectivity in large group-averaged datasets (combined n ~ 45,000), and task based analysis of reward, motor, and action related contrasts from group-averaged datasets (n > 1000) and meta-analyses (n > 14,000 studies) to precisely examine red nucleus function.

Investigating the impact of electroconvulsive therapy on brain networks and sleep: an observational study protocol.

Introduction: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective treatment for refractory depression, but it may also cause cognitive side effects. Despite decades of use, the mechanisms by which ECT exerts both its antidepressant and cognitive effects are still poorly understood, with the latter substantially limiting referral and adherence to therapy. ECT induces changes in correlated neural activity-functional connectivity-across various brain networks, which may underlie both its clinical efficacy and associated cognitive side effects.

Assessing Dynamic Cognitive Function in the Daily Lives of Youths With and Without Type 1 Diabetes: Usability Study.

Background: Studies have shown a relationship between worse glycemic control and lower cognitive scores in youths with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, most studies assess long-term glucose control (eg, years-decades) and cognition at a single time point. Understanding this relationship at a higher temporal resolution (eg, minutes-hours) and in naturalistic settings has potential clinical implications.

Clinical Trials for Wolfram Syndrome Neurodegeneration: Novel Design, Endpoints, and Analysis Models.

Objective: Wolfram syndrome, an ultra-rare condition, currently lacks effective treatment options. The rarity of this disease presents significant challenges in conducting clinical trials, particularly in achieving sufficient statistical power (e.g.

Hyperglycemia selectively increases cerebral non-oxidative glucose consumption without affecting blood flow.

Multiple studies have shown that hyperglycemia increases the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) in subcortical white matter. This observation remains unexplained. Using positron emission tomography (PET) and euinsulinaemic glucose clamps, we found, for the first time, that acute hyperglycemia increases non-oxidative CMRglc (i.

A Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS) of Genetic Risk for C-Reactive Protein in Children of European Ancestry: Results From the ABCD Study.

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a moderately heritable marker of systemic inflammation that is associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes. Identifying factors associated with genetic liability to elevated CRP in childhood may inform our understanding of variability in CRP that could be targeted to prevent and/or delay the onset of related health outcomes.

Methods: We conducted a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) of genetic risk for elevated CRP (i.

Differential components of bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease revealed by deep brain stimulation.

Bradykinesia is a term describing several manifestations of movement disruption caused by Parkinson's disease (PD), including movement slowing, amplitude reduction, and gradual decrease of speed and amplitude over multiple repetitions of the same movement. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) improves bradykinesia in patients with PD. We examined the effect of DBS on specific components of bradykinesia when applied at two locations within the STN, using signal processing techniques to identify the time course of amplitude and frequency of repeated hand pronation-supination movements performed by participants with and without PD.

The brainstem's red nucleus was evolutionarily upgraded to support goal-directed action.

The red nucleus is a large brainstem structure that coordinates limb movement for locomotion in quadrupedal animals (Basile et al., 2021). The humans red nucleus has a different pattern of anatomical connectivity compared to quadrupeds, suggesting a unique purpose (Hatschek, 1907).

Longitudinal associations between weight indices, cognition, and mental health from childhood to early adolescence.

Childhood obesity has been associated with lower cognitive performance and worse mental health in cross-sectional studies. However, it is unclear whether these findings extend longitudinally and in what causal direction. Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (maximum analytical n = 6671, 48.

A high-density diffuse optical tomography dataset of naturalistic viewing.

Traditional laboratory tasks offer tight experimental control but lack the richness of our everyday human experience. As a result many cognitive neuroscientists have been motivated to adopt experimental paradigms that are more natural, such as stories and movies. Here we describe data collected from 58 healthy adult participants (aged 18-76 years) who viewed 10 minutes of a movie (, 1966).

Associations between COVID-19 and putative markers of neuroinflammation: A diffusion basis spectrum imaging study.

COVID-19 remains a significant international public health concern. Yet, the mechanisms through which symptomatology emerges remain poorly understood. While SARS-CoV-2 infection may induce prolonged inflammation within the central nervous system, the evidence primarily stems from limited small-scale case investigations.

Dorsal striatal response to taste is modified by obesity and insulin resistance.

Objective: In preclinical models, insulin resistance in the dorsal striatum (DS) contributes to overeating. Although human studies support the concept of central insulin resistance, they have not investigated its effect on consummatory reward-induced brain activity.

Methods: Taste-induced activation was assessed in the caudate and putamen of the DS with blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Genotype and clinical characteristics of patients with Wolfram syndrome and WFS1-related disorders.

Wolfram syndrome (WFS) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, diabetes insipidus, and sensorineural hearing loss. We sought to elucidate the relationship between genotypic and phenotypic presentations of Wolfram syndrome which would assist clinicians in classifying the severity and prognosis of Wolfram syndrome more accurately. Patient data from the Washington University International Registry and Clinical Study for Wolfram Syndrome and patient case reports were analyzed to select for patients with two recessive mutations in the WFS1 gene.