Targeting racial disparities in breast cancer: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential of African medicinal plants.

This review examines the multifaceted disparities in breast cancer outcomes between African American and European American women, with a focus on molecular drivers, epigenetic determinants, and the therapeutic potential of African medicinal plants. It addresses three key questions: (1) What biological mechanisms underlie racial disparities in breast cancer aggressiveness and survival? (2) How do gene-environment interactions contribute to these disparities? (3) Can African medicinal plants offer targeted solutions for high-risk populations?. A non-systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus using keywords such as "breast cancer disparities," "African American women," "tumor microenvironment," "DNA methylation," and "African medicinal plants.

Optoelectronic MXene quantum dots: frontiers in sensor technology for next-generation diagnostics and environmental monitoring.

MXene QDs have garnered the attention of established as well as budding researchers as a new class of nanomaterial due to their exceptional properties and wide applicability. Advancements in nanotechnology and materials science have led the discovery of these, and explorations of their exceptional physicochemical characteristics have positioned them as a cutting-edge nanomaterial with immense potential for future innovation. This review explores the different aspects of MXene QDs, including fundamentals, functionalization, and the doping of precursors.

Growing impact of 'Click chemistry' inspired glycohybrid 1,2,3-Triazoles in organic synthesis.

Carbohydrates, a most abundant natural product have fascinating structural features notably their high functional nature having multiple hydroxyl groups as well stereogenic centers which all together attracted the interest of synthetic chemists to explore them as valuable scaffolds in ligand design. In recent years, 1,2,3-triazole-linked sugar conjugates developed via regioselective CuAAC route have emerged as promising ligands in transition metal catalysis. These glycoconjugates have been applied in C-C and C-N bond-forming reactions, including Ullmann and Sonogashira couplings, particularly with Cu, Ni, and Pd catalysts.

"Click Chemistry" Inspired 1,2,3-Triazole-Based Chemosensors: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives.

The 1,2,3-triazoles have gained significant attention in the field of chemosensors due to their distinctive features, such as the ability to form stable complexes with a variety of metal ions and also their functionalization potential. The modified 1,2,3-triazole analogs may further enhance their selectivity and sensitivity. When coupled with fluorophores or signaling groups, 1,2,3-triazole-based sensors exhibit notable changes in fluorescence, absorbance, or electrochemical signals upon interaction with target analytes that eventually make them highly sensitive tools for environmental, industrial, and biomedical applications.

Late-Stage Functionalization Strategies of 1,2,3-Triazoles: A Post-Click Approach in Organic Synthesis.

The 1,2,3-triazole scaffolds are an important class of biologically privileged heterocyclic compounds with several key applications in chemistry, biology, medicine, agriculture, and material science. The "postclick" functionalization of 1,2,3-triazoles may emerge as a promising tactic for the construction of molecular architectures of therapeutics and is considered to be a growing area of investigation. This interest extends beyond the regioselective Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) method that involves the trapping of Cu(I)-triazole with suitable precursors.

Deciphering aptamer-protein interactions for bovine sperm sorting through in silico and in vitro studies.

Background: In recent years, aptamers have emerged as versatile molecular tools with promising applications in various fields, including diagnostics and therapeutics. In livestock reproduction, their application holds promise for improving the sorting and identification of X and Y chromosome-bearing sperm cells, which is essential for increasing productivity in the dairy and beef industries.

Method: This study utilized seven rounds of Cell-SELEX using bovine X and Y sperm cells to isolate specific aptamers that target these cells.

Functional and Biochemical Analyses of Glycerol Kinase and Glycerol 3-phosphate Dehydrogenase in HEK293 Cells.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder and its concurrent presence with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant concern. Glycerol kinase (GK) and glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle enzymes (cGPDH and mGPDH) facilitate the regulation of endogenous glucose production in many cell lines. This research investigates the functions of GK, cGPDH, and mGPDH in HEK293 cells.

Lipid Nanocarriers as Precision Delivery Systems for Brain Tumors.

Brain tumors, particularly glioblastomas, represent the most complicated cancers to treat and manage due to their highly invasive nature and the protective barriers of the brain, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The efficacy of currently available treatments, viz., radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, are frequently limited by major side effects, drug resistance, and restricted drug penetration into the brain.

A Novel, Site-Specific N-Linked Glycosylation Model Provides Mechanistic Insights Into the Process-Condition Dependent Distinct Fab and Fc Glycosylation of an IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody Produced by CHO VRC01 Cells.

The CHO VRC01 cell line produces an anti-HIV IgG1 monoclonal antibody containing N-linked glycans on both the Fab (variable) and Fc (constant) regions. Site-specific glycan analysis was used to measure the complex effects of cell culture process conditions on Fab and Fc glycosylation. Experimental data revealed major differences in glycan fractions across the two sites.

Pristine NiMOF Sandwiched between 1D and 3D Engineered Au Particles and Dendrites for Ultraswift Folic Acid Sensing in Cellular Microenvironment.

Catalytic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-based sensor matrices can act synergistically with Au metallic nanostructures to generate amplified signal readouts by causing the electro-oxidation of the target analyte. Folic acid (FA), an essential water-soluble vitamin and a precursor for enzymes, requires timely and precise monitoring in the serum of individuals with varying clinical diagnoses. An attempt has been made in this direction through our work, where the rapid detection of FA through its oxidation at metal centers from hybrid nanomaterials is deployed for signal generation.

Flux balance analysis and peptide mapping elucidate the impact of bioreactor pH on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell metabolism and N-linked glycosylation in the fab and Fc regions of the produced IgG.

Culture conditions have a profound impact on therapeutic protein production and glycosylation, a critical therapeutic-quality attribute, especially for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). While the critical culture parameter of pH has been known since the early 1990s to affect protein glycosylation and production, detailed glycan and metabolic characterization and mechanistic understanding are critically lacking. Here, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were grown in bioreactors at pH 6.

Tailoring an arbitrary large vectorial structured light beam array utilizing the tensor theory of multiplexed polarization holograms.

Vectorial structured light beams, characterized by their topological charge and non-uniform polarization distribution, are highly promising beam modes for several applications in different domains of optics and photonics. To harness its potential specifically in optical communication, data encryption, and optical trapping, it is necessary to tailor a multitude of these beams with arbitrary and large topological charge and polarization distribution. However, achieving the above-mentioned requires bulky optical setups that necessitate the superposition of two beams or involve complex material fabrication techniques that can directly generate these beams.

Substrate-Dependent Stereoselective Synthesis of Pyrrolo[3,4-b]Pyridin-5-Ones and Pyridyl Isoindoline-1-Ones Using Bis(benzotriazol-1-yl) Ligand.

The documented work highlighted the synthesis of bis(benzotriazol-1-yl) methane derivatives using silicomolybdic acid (SMA) and successfully implemented in the stereoselective synthesis of diverse pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one and pyridyl isoindolinones derivatives in one-pot. The pyridinamide precursor with diverse alkynes furnished Z-selectivity of pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one across exocyclic C=C bond while the various benzamides on treating with 2-ethynyl pyridine afforded (E)-pyridylisoindoline-1-ones as a major isomer. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction provides strong evidence in favor of the existence and orientation of developed compounds.

Portal hypertension in doublecortin domain-containing protein 2 (DCDC2)-related neonatal sclerosing cholangitis.

Mutations in doublecortin domain-containing protein 2 (DCDC2) lead to neonatal sclerosing cholangitis (NSC), and portal hypertension (PHTN). The objective of the study was to systematically evaluate PHTN, variceal bleeding, and outcomes of patients with DCDC2-related NSC. The study included children with homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in DCDC2.

High-density polarization multiplexed holograms using azo-carbazole films for diverse applications.

In this study, we have demonstrated diverse applications of high-density polarization multiplexed holograms in an azo-carbazole polymer film. We investigate three distinct multiplexing methods, namely i) hybrid polarization-angular multiplexing for high-density data storage, ii) hybrid spatial-polarization multiplexing for a dynamic display, and iii) hybrid polarization-depth multiplexing for depth selective 3D display. Up to 24 images were successfully recorded and then retrieved individually from a single hologram without any cross-talk, using the first multiplexing scheme.

Comprehensive approaches to preclinical evaluation of monoclonal antibodies and their next-generation derivatives.

Biotherapeutics hold great promise for the treatment of several diseases and offer innovative possibilities for new treatments that target previously unaddressed medical needs. Despite successful transitions from preclinical to clinical stages and regulatory approval, there are instances where adverse reactions arise, resulting in product withdrawals. As a result, it is essential to conduct thorough evaluations of safety and effectiveness on an individual basis.

Exploring aptamers for targeted enrichment of X sperm in bovine: unraveling selective potential.

Nucleic acid aptamers have been used in the past for the development of diagnostic methods against a number of targets such as bacteria, pesticides, cancer cells etc. In the present study, six rounds of Cell-SELEX were performed on a ssDNA aptamer library against X-enriched sperm cells from Sahiwal breed cattle. Sequencing was used to examine the aptamer sequences that shown affinity for sperm carrying the X chromosome in order to find any possible X-sperm-specific sequences.

Genistein and metformin regulate glycerol kinase and the enzymes of glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle in a differential manner in myocytes, hepatocytes and adipocytes.

Glycerol kinase (GK) and glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) are critical in glucose homeostasis. The role of genistein and metformin on these enzymes and glucose production was investigated in C2C12, HepG2, and 3T3-L1 cells. Enzyme kinetics, Real-Time PCR and western blots were performed to determine enzyme activities and expressions of mRNAs and proteins.

Physico-Chemical and Rheological Trait-Based Identification of Indian Wheat Varieties Suitable for Different End-Uses.

India has increased its wheat production phenomenally in the last two decades and it now has a buffer stock of 9.7 million tonnes. However, despite the release of several wheat cultivars, the end-use quality traits of Indian wheat varieties have not been explored in-depth to determine the increasing demand of the domestic processing industry as well as export.

Impact assessment of integrated-pathy on cancer-related fatigue in cancer patients: an observational study.

Background: Integrated-pathy aims to integrate modern medicine with traditional systems via applying the holistic approach of Ayurveda, Yoga, and natural medicine. This is important for addressing the challenges surrounding the delivery of long-term palliative care for chronic ailments including cancer. The prime intent of this study was to substantiate the underlying hypothesis behind the differential and integrative approach having a positive impact on Quality of Life of cancer patients.

Triazole-Appended Glycohybrid/CuI-Catalyzed C-C Cross-Coupling of Aryl/Heteroaryl Halides with Alkynyl Sugars.

This report describes a convenient method for the Cu(I)-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction of aryl/heteroaryl halides and alkynyl sugars in the presence of a 1,2,3-triazole-appended glycohybrid as a biocompatible ligand. The Sonogashira cross-coupling products were exclusively formed without the Glaser-Hay homocoupling reaction in the presence of a glycosyl monotriazolyl ligand at 120 °C. However, the Glaser-Hay homocoupling products were obtained at 60-70 °C in the presence of triazolyl-based macrocyclic glycohybrid ligand .

Visceral Fat Indices: Do They Help Differentiate Crohn's Disease and Intestinal Tuberculosis in Children?

Background And Aims: Crohn's disease [CD] and intestinal tuberculosis [ITB] are often difficult to differentiate. Mesenteric fat hypertrophy is a feature of CD. We evaluated the utility of fat indices (visceral fat [VF] and subcutaneous fat [SF]) in differentiating CD and ITB in children.

Transition of Care in Celiac Disease.

Celiac disease (CD) is a gluten related disorder which affects all age-groups and occurs in genetically susceptible population after introduction of gluten in diet. The worldwide prevalence of CD is ~1% and it is higher in certain "at-risk groups". The clinical features are variable, ranging from classical diarrhea to an asymptomatic state.

Alzheimer's disease: A role of biomarkers in early diagnosis and evidences from African ethnomedicinal knowledge.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological ailment that primarily affects the elderly and necessitates an efficient treatment regimen backed up by extensive care. Despite advancement in the in vivo imaging techniques focussing on early diagnosis of reliable biomarkers using novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission topography (PET) scans, AD remains largely unexplained and effective preventative and treatment strategies are still lacking. Consequently, research groups are constantly attempting to improve its early detection, using both invasive and non-invasive techniques with established core markers like Aβ and Tau (t-tau and p-tau) proteins.