Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycaemia in hospitalised adults: A matched cohort study (2013-2023).

Aims: To compare the risk of new-onset hyperglycaemia between inpatients treated versus non-treated with systemic glucocorticoids and identify factors associated with glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycaemia (GIH).

Materials And Methods: We conducted a cohort study using electronic healthcare records of adults admitted to the Oxford University Hospitals between 2013 and 2023. We excluded patients with diabetes or prescribed systemic glucocorticoids before admission.

Glucocorticoid treatment and new-onset hyperglycaemia and diabetes in people living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: In people living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we aimed to estimate: (1) the prevalence of glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycaemia (GIH); (2) whether the prevalence of GIH varies by age, baseline diabetes status, treatment duration, ascertainment of glycaemia, definition of hyperglycaemia, study design and year of publication; and (3) the relative risk (RR) of new-onset hyperglycaemia in exposed vs non-exposed to systemic glucocorticoids.

Methods: We searched electronic databases until 9 November 2023 for randomised controlled trials and observational studies including adults diagnosed with COPD, with or without diabetes at baseline, using systemic glucocorticoids equivalent to prednisolone ≥5 mg/day for ≥3 days if exposed. Hyperglycaemia was defined as a blood glucose above a study-specific cut-off.

Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, MASLD and Cardiovascular Disease in People Living With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with adverse clinical outcomes that may differ according to PCOS phenotype.

Methods: Using UK Biobank data, we compared the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease, cardiovascular disease (CVD), hormone-dependent cancers, and dementia between PCOS participants and age- and body mass index-matched controls. We also compared multiorgan (liver, cardiac, and brain) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data and examined the impact of PCOS phenotype (hyperandrogenic and normoandrogenic) on these outcomes.

Comparison of devices used to measure blood pressure, grip strength and lung function: A randomised cross-over study.

Background: Blood pressure, grip strength and lung function are frequently assessed in longitudinal population studies, but the measurement devices used differ between studies and within studies over time. We aimed to compare measurements ascertained from different commonly used devices.

Methods: We used a randomised cross-over study.

Optimising prediction of mortality, stroke, and major bleeding for patients with atrial fibrillation: validation of the GARFIELD-AF tool in UK primary care electronic records.

Background: The GARFIELD-AF tool is a novel risk tool that simultaneously assesses the risk of all-cause mortality, stroke or systemic embolism, and major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).

Aim: To validate the GARFIELD-AF tool using UK primary care electronic records.

Design And Setting: A retrospective cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) linked with Hospital Episode Statistics data and Office for National Statistics mortality data.

Socioeconomic and urban-rural inequalities in the population-level double burden of child malnutrition in the East and Southern African Region.

Socioeconomic and urban-rural inequalities in the population-level double burden of child malnutrition threatens global nutrition targets 2025, especially in East and Southern Africa. We aimed to quantify these inequalities from nationally representative household surveys in the East and Southern African region. 13 Demographic and Health Surveys between 2006 and 2018 including 72,231 children under five years old were studied.

Trends in the Intraindividual Double Burden of Overweight/Obesity and Anemia among Adult Women Living in 33 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Secondary Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys from 2000-2019.

Background: Changes in overweight/obesity and anemia among women have been investigated in multiple studies, but the rate at which their coexistence at the individual level has evolved remains unknown.

Objectives: We aimed to 1) document trends in the magnitude and inequalities of the co-occurrence of overweight/obesity and anemia; and 2) compare these with overall trends in overweight/obesity, anemia, and the co-occurrence of anemia with normal weight or underweight.

Methods: For this cross-sectional series study, we used 96 Demographic and Health Surveys from 33 countries with available anthropometric and anemia data among nonpregnant adult women (20-49 y old; n = 1,648,308).

Exposure to household air pollution from solid cookfuels and childhood stunting: a population-based, cross-sectional study of half a million children in low- and middle-income countries.

Background: Household air pollution from the incomplete combustion of solid cookfuels in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been largely ignored as a potentially important correlate of stunting. Our objective was to examine the association between solid cookfuel use and stunting in children aged <5 y.

Methods: We used data from 59 LMICs' population-based cross-sectional demographic and health surveys; 557 098 children aged <5 y were included in our analytical sample.

Intra-household double burden of overweight/obesity and anaemia: Evidence from 49 low-and middle-income countries.

Globally, overweight/obesity is rising rapidly while anaemia persists. Nevertheless, evidence on their coexistence at the household level remains limited. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys, we quantified the magnitude, distribution and inequalities (i.

United Kingdom Biobank (UK Biobank): JACC Focus Seminar 6/8.

An increasing number of people are now living with cardiovascular disease (CVD), with concomitant CVD-related hospitalizations, operations, and prescriptions. To ultimately deliver optimal cardiovascular care, access to population-based biobanks with data on multiomics, phenotypes, and lifestyle risk factors are crucial. UK Biobank is a cohort study that incorporated data between 2006 and 2010 from over half a million individuals (40 to 69 years of age) at recruitment from across the United Kingdom.

Exploring attributions of causality for child undernutrition: Qualitative analysis in Lusaka, Zambia.

Child undernutrition is responsible for 45% of all under-five deaths in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and numerous morbidities. Although progress has been made, high levels of child undernutrition persist in Zambia. Existing studies have explored primary caretakers' (PCs) explanatory models of child undernutrition in LMICs, without comparison with those of health care providers (HCPs).

Body composition and risk of heart failure: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Although there is strong evidence of an association between general adiposity and incidence of heart failure, previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have not reliably assessed the association of heart failure risk with other aspects of body composition (such as body fat distribution or lean mass), or between body composition and risk of heart failure subtypes. We aim to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies to address these uncertainties, and inform efforts to prevent and treat heart failure.

Methods And Analysis: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Protocols statement was used as a template for this protocol.

The co-occurrence of overweight/obesity and anaemia among adult women, adolescent girls and children living in fifty-two low- and middle-income countries.

Objective: To investigate the magnitude and distribution of concurrent overweight/obesity and anaemia among adult women, adolescent girls and children living in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).

Design: We selected the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys with anthropometric and Hb level measures. Prevalence estimates and 95 % CI of concurrent overweight/obesity and anaemia were calculated for every country, overall and stratified by household wealth quintile, education level, area of residence and sex (for children only).

Ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on type 2 diabetes risk in England: a population-based cohort study.

Background: National and global recommendations for BMI cutoffs to trigger action to prevent obesity-related complications like type 2 diabetes among non-White populations are questionable. We aimed to prospectively identify ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on the risk of type 2 diabetes that are risk-equivalent to the BMI cutoff for obesity among White populations (≥30 kg/m).

Methods: In this population-based cohort study, we used electronic health records across primary care (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) linked to secondary care records (Hospital Episodes Statistics) from a network of general practitioner practices in England.

Exposure to multiple childhood social risk factors and adult body mass index trajectories from ages 20 to 64 years.

Background: While childhood social risk factors appear to be associated with adult obesity, it is unclear whether exposure to multiple childhood social risk factors is associated with accelerated weight gain during adulthood.

Methods: We used the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, a British population-based birth cohort study of participants born in 1946, height and weight were measured by nurses at ages 36, 43, 53 and 60-64 and self-reported at 20 and 26 years. The 9 childhood socioeconomic risk factors and 8 binary childhood psychosocial risk factors were measured, with 13 prospectively measured at age 4 years (or at 7 or 11 years if missing) and 3 were recalled when participants were age 43.

Women's experiences of diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: a mixed-methods study in general practice.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common lifelong metabolic condition with serious associated comorbidities. Evidence points to a delay in diagnosis and inconsistency in the information provided to women with PCOS.

Aim: To capture women's experiences of how PCOS is diagnosed and managed in UK general practice.

Maternal exposure to intimate partner violence and breastfeeding practices in 51 low-income and middle-income countries: A population-based cross-sectional study.

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a major global health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), that is associated with poor physical and mental health, but its association with breastfeeding practices is understudied. Both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) recommend that children initiate breastfeeding within the first hour of birth and be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life. Breastfeeding within the first hour of birth is critical to newborn survival, and exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months is recognised to offer significant health benefits to mothers and their infants.

The double burden of malnutrition among adolescents: analysis of data from the Global School-Based Student Health and Health Behavior in School-Aged Children surveys in 57 low- and middle-income countries.

Background: Adults and young children in countries experiencing the nutrition transition are known to be affected simultaneously by undernutrition and overnutrition. Adolescence is a critical period for growth and development. Yet, it is unknown to what extent this double burden of malnutrition affects adolescents in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and the macrolevel contextual factors associated with the double burden of malnutrition.

Associations of adversity in childhood and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in mid-adulthood.

Studies assessing associations of childhood psychosocial adversity (e.g. sexual abuse, physical neglect, parental death), as opposed to socioeconomic adversity, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in adulthood are scarce.

Metabolically Healthy Obese and Incident Cardiovascular Disease Events Among 3.5 Million Men and Women.

Background: Previous studies have been unclear about the cardiovascular risks for metabolically healthy obese individuals.

Objectives: This study examined the associations among metabolically healthy obese individuals and 4 different presentations of incident cardiovascular disease in a contemporary population.

Methods: We used linked electronic health records (1995 to 2015) in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) to assemble a cohort of 3.

Prospective associations of psychosocial adversity in childhood with risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adulthood: the MRC National Survey of Health and Development.

Background: Studies assessing associations of childhood psychosocial adversity (e.g. sexual abuse, physical neglect, parental death), as opposed to socioeconomic adversity, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in adulthood are scarce.