Integrative proteomic analysis provides novel therapeutic insights for etiological subtypes of diabetes.

Aims: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a highly heterogeneous disease characterised by subtypes with variations in aetiology, disease progression, and risk of complications. However, potential drug targets for these subtypes have not been explored. This study aims to investigate potential drug targets by integrating proteomics.

High prevalence of metabolic obesity in India: The ICMR-INDIAB national study (ICMR-INDIAB-23).

Background & objectives While obesity usually produces cardio-metabolic dysfunction, some obese individuals are metabolically healthy, and conversely, some nonobese individuals have significant metabolic dysfunction. This study aims to assess the national prevalence of various obesity subtypes and their association with type 2 diabetes (T2D), coronary artery disease (CAD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Indian Council of Medical Research-India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. Methods The ICMR-INDIAB study is a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of 1,13,043 individuals aged ≥20 yr from urban and rural areas across 31 Indian States and Union Territories.

Exciting Discovery of a New Maturity-onset Diabetes of the Young Subtype from India (MODY 15).

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) was first described by Tattersall and Fajans in their classic paper published in 1975. At that time, the classification of diabetes was based purely on the age at onset of diabetes. Those diagnosed with diabetes below 40 years of age were labeled as "growth onset diabetes," while those with onset at or above the age of 40 years were referred to as "maturity onset diabetes.

The Influence of Depression, Positive Health Behaviors, and Weight Status on Glycated Hemoglobin: A Sequential Mediation Analysis of the INDEPENDENT Trial.

Background: Collaborative care models (CoCM) improve both depression and cardiometabolic outcomes, but the mechanisms driving these effects remain unclear.

Objective: To determine whether changes in depressive symptoms, positive health behaviors (PHBs), body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference mediate the effect of an adapted CoCM on glycemic control among adults with cardiometabolic risk in India.

Design: Longitudinal structural equation modeling of data from the INtegrating DEPrEssioN and Diabetes TreatmENT (INDEPENDENT) Randomized Control Trial.

Development and Validation of DIANA (Diabetes Novel Subgroup Assessment tool): A web-based precision medicine tool to determine type 2 diabetes endotype membership and predict individuals at risk of microvascular disease.

Background: Previous research has identified four distinct endotypes of type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians, which include Severe Insulin Deficient Diabetes (SIDD), Combined Insulin Resistant and Deficient Diabetes (CIRDD), Insulin Resistance and Obese Diabetes (IROD), and Mild Age-related Diabetes (MARD). DIANA (Diabetes Novel Subgroup Assessment) is an online precision medicine tool that can predict endotype membership of type 2 diabetes and individual risk for retinopathy and nephropathy.

Methodology: The DIANA tool determines subgroup membership using a machine learning model (support vector machine) on T2D subgroups in the Asian Indian population.

Lean diabetes is one end of the spectrum of type 2 diabetes and not a separate entity.

Aims: Lean diabetes mellitus is non-type 1 diabetes with BMI < 18.5 kg/m and is now proposed to be a unique form of diabetes. We report on prevalence, clinical and microvascular complication profile in lean diabetes to see whether it stands out as a distinct entity or is a continuum of type 2 diabetes (T2D).

The burden of cardiovascular events according to cardiovascular risk profile in adults from high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a cohort study.

Background: Current strategies to prevent adverse cardiovascular outcomes focus primary prevention in high-risk groups and secondary prevention in people with known cardiovascular disease. We aimed to determine the proportion of events occurring in lower-risk groups globally.

Methods: We included people aged 40 years to younger than 75 years who were enrolled in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study, which is an ongoing, international, prospective, population-based cohort study that started recruiting adults from households selected to be broadly representative of the sociodemographic composition of their communities.

The Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Comparison to Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review.

Background: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has emerged as an important tool for managing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), offering real-time glucose data and the potential for improved glycemic control. Unlike traditional self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), which provides intermittent readings, CGM captures continuous glucose fluctuations, including postprandial and nocturnal changes, which are critical in GDM management.

Objective: This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of CGM compared with SMBG in managing glycemic control in women with GDM, focusing on key glycemic metrics such as time in range (TIR) and glycemic variability (GV), and exploring their associations with maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Neurosteroid Levels in Pregnancy and Its Implications for Mental Health: A Literature Review.

Background: Perinatal mood disorders are being increasingly recognised and may have deleterious outcomes for the mother and offspring, underlining the importance of understanding their pathophysiology. Neurosteroids can alter the excitability of neurons through rapid non-genomic actions. Here, we review the changes in neurosteroids across pregnancy and their impact on maternal mental health.

Subtypes of Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes: Mortality and Excess Life Lost in South Asians.

Background: Current definitions of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes do not capture their pathophysiological heterogeneity. We investigated data-driven subtypes of T2D and prediabetes and evaluated their associations with mortality.

Methods: We analyzed data from 14,306 South Asian participants from the CArdiometabolic Risk Reduction cohort using unsupervised k-means clustering based on five variables: age, BMI, HbA1c, insulin resistance, and beta-cell dysfunction.

Prediabetes.

Prediabetes or intermediate hyperglycaemia represents a preliminary stage in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to an increased likelihood of developing T2DM, individuals with prediabetes have an elevated risk of various vascular and non-vascular complications. No consensus has been achieved on the ideal screening strategy for prediabetes, with fasting plasma glucose concentration, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and the oral glucose tolerance test being the most frequently measured parameters.

Effectiveness of Glipizide and Glipizide Plus Metformin Formulation among Asian Indians with Type 2 Diabetes: a Real-World, Retrospective Electronic Medical Record Analysis.

Background: In low- and middle-income countries, sulfonylureas are commonly prescribed due to cost-effectiveness. However, data comparing their real-world impact, especially when used alone versus in combination with metformin, remain limited.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of glipizide and glipizide plus metformin in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) using real-world data.

Prevalence of Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis in Asian Indian Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes.

Introduction: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is closely associated with diabetes mellitus, representing a significant health concern owing to its potential progression to cirrhosis of the liver. We aim to determine the prevalence of MASLD using transient elastography (TE by FibroScan by Echosens, Paris) in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods: The retrospective data (between 2020 and 2024) of 1070 individuals with T2D (who reported no alcohol intake) who underwent FibroScan assessment at two diabetes clinics were included for analysis.

Imeglimin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Expert Opinions and Consensus in Indian Context.

Introduction: The morbidity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rising dramatically both at the national and international levels. In recent years, many novel medications are developed or in development for better management of hyperglycemia in people with T2DM. Focusing on the new promising molecules, here we aim to present the opinion of experts and their consensus on the use of imeglimin for the treatment of T2DM in India.

Interesting Case of Familial Partial Lipodystrophy Syndrome (Type 6) with Gene Defect: A Case Report.

We report on an interesting case of familial partial lipodystrophy syndrome (type 6) due to a LIPE gene defect. Lipodystrophy syndromes are characterized by dysfunctional adipose tissue. While there are several types of lipodystrophies, this report is of a case of familial partial lipodystrophy with a LIPE gene mutation, which is very rare.

Does home-based screening improve hypertension diagnosis, treatment and control? A regression discontinuity analysis in urban India.

As part of India's efforts to expand primary healthcare services, several state governments are implementing or considering home-based hypertension screening programmes to improve population-wide diagnosis and blood pressure (BP) control rates. However, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of home-based screening programmes in India. Using six waves of population-representative cohort data (N=15574), we estimate the causal effect of a home-based hypertension screening intervention on diagnosis, treatment, and BP using a novel application of the Regression Discontinuity Design.

Clustering in gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review.

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a heterogenous disease with significant clinical variation. Studies of GDM clusters that are distinctive in terms of maternal characteristics could pave the way for more personalized treatments.

Aim: We aimed to collate studies dealing with clusters of GDM published in the literature.

Profile of monogenic diabetes: a Pan-India study.

Aim: To evaluate the frequency of monogenic diabetes mutations among individuals clinically suspected to have monogenic diabetes in India.

Methods: Participants (n = 774) were recruited from 65 diabetes centres across India (http://monogenicdiabetes.in/Collaborators.

Management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)-An expert consensus statement from Indian diabetologists' perspective.

In India, the increasing prevalence of diabetes and obesity poses a significant threat towards a surge in the incidence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Concomitant with the evolving guidelines, there is a need to direct and spread awareness among practicing diabetologists to identify and screen high-risk individuals for MASLD for timely management. Its asymptomatic nature and the evolving guidelines on diagnosis have hindered the precise estimates of MASLD in the high-risk group of individuals in a clinical setting.