Csf1r⁻ macrophages govern the second wave of neutrophils for bone repair.

Macrophages play a pivotal role in tissue regeneration, including bone healing; however, the mechanisms and cell types through which they establish regenerative niches are not yet fully understood. Here, we identified a distinct subset of osteodirective macrophages (OdMacs), characterized by the expression profile F4/80⁺ Csf1r⁻ Cx3cr1hi Ccr2hi, which contribute to the formation of bone regenerative niches following injury. Histological analysis and FACS analysis, combined with transcriptomic profiling (RNA-seq and scRNA-seq), revealed that OdMacs facilitate the recruitment of activin A-expressing preneutrophils (preNeu) to sites of bone injury.

Effects of a combination of remifentanil and desflurane or sevoflurane on hemodynamic fluctuations during electrical stimulation of the mental nerve in rabbits.

We aimed to investigate the effects of desflurane (Des), sevoflurane (Sevo), and remifentanil (Remi) on the modulation of hemodynamic responses under 10-Hz electrical stimulation of the mental nerve in rabbits, which yields both hypertensive and hypotensive responses. Male Japan White rabbits (n=10, weight approximately 2.5 kg) were used.

Administration of Bisphosphonate Preparations to Mice with Mild-type Hypophosphatasia Reduces the Quality of Spontaneous Locomotor Activity.

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a congenital bone disease caused by tissue-nonspecific mutations in the alkaline phosphatase gene. It is classified into six types: severe perinatal, benign prenatal, infantile, pediatric, adult, and odonto. HPP with femoral hypoplasia on fetal ultrasonography, seizures, or early loss of primary teeth can be easily diagnosed.

Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Molecular Structure and Mechanical Properties of Hypophosphatasia Primary Tooth.

Mild hypophosphatasia (HPP) can be difficult to distinguish from other bone disorders in the absence of typical symptoms such as the premature loss of primary teeth. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the crystallinity of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and the three-dimensional structure of collagen in HPP teeth at the molecular level and to search for new biomarkers of HPP. Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate the molecular structure, composition, and mechanical properties of primary teeth from healthy individuals and patients with HPP.

Developing long bones respond to surrounding tissues by trans-pairing of periosteal osteoclasts and endocortical osteoblasts.

Developing long bones alter their shape while maintaining uniform cortical thickness via coordinated activity of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts at periosteal and endosteal surfaces, a process we designate trans-pairing. Two types of trans-pairing shift cortical bone in opposite orientations: peri-forming trans-pairing (peri-t-p) increases bone marrow space and endo-forming trans-pairing (endo-t-p) decreases it, via paired activity of bone resorption and formation across the cortex. Here, we focused on endo-t-p in growing bones.

Ontogenic transformation of the ankle from the initial mediolateral arrangement of the calcaneus and talus: A histological study of human embryos and early fetuses.

The human calcaneus is robust and provides a prominent heel for effective bipedal locomotion, although the adjacent talus has no muscle attachments. However, there is incomplete information about the morphological changes in these prominent bones during embryo development. We examined serial histological sections of 23 human embryos and early-term fetuses (approximately 5-10 weeks' gestational age [GA]).

Early changes in asporin levels in osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint.

Objectives: The present study aimed to elucidate the pathogenesis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) in a mouse model. We investigated morphological and histological changes in the head of mandible cartilage and early immunohistochemical (IHC) changes in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, phosphorylated Smad-2/3 (p-Smad2/3), a TGF-β signaling molecule, and asporin.

Methods: TMJ-OA was induced in a mouse model through unilateral partial discectomy.

Prenatal asfotase alfa-mediated enzyme replacement therapy restores delayed calcification in a severe infantile form of hypophosphatasia model mice.

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a congenital disorder caused by mutations in the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP) gene. The pathogenesis of HPP varies, ranging from severe cases in which there is total absence of fetal bone calcification, which leads to stillbirth, to relatively mild cases in which the effects are confined to the teeth, such as early loss of the primary teeth. In recent years, the establishment of enzyme supplementation as a treatment method has prolonged survival in patients; however, this approach does not provide sufficient improvement for failed calcification.

Generation of bicistronic Dmp1-Cre knock-in mice using a self-cleaving 2A peptide.

Introduction: The conditional manipulation of genes using the Cre recombinase-locus of crossover in P1 (Cre/loxP) system is an important tool for revealing gene functions and cell lineages in vivo. The outcome of this method is dependent on the performance of Cre-driver mouse strains. In most cases, Cre knock-in mice show better specificity than randomly inserted Cre transgenic mice.

Subset of the periodontal ligament expressed leptin receptor contributes to part of hard tissue-forming cells.

The lineage of periodontal ligament (PDL) stem cells contributes to alveolar bone (AB) and cementum formation, which are essential for tooth-jawbone attachment. Leptin receptor (LepR), a skeletal stem cell marker, is expressed in PDL; however, the stem cell capacity of LepR PDL cells remains unclear. We used a Cre/LoxP-based approach and detected LepR-cre-labeled cells in the perivascular around the root apex; their number increased with age.

Effectively improved 3-dimensional structural stability of atelocollagen-gelatin sponge biomaterial by heat treatment.

Atelocollagen-gelatin (ACG) sponge was fabricated from atelocollagen and gelatin by lyophilization without introducing toxic substances. This study aimed to investigate the effects of heat treatment on the 3-dimensional structural stability of ACG sponge biomaterial. ACG sponge samples were fabricated and heat treated at 125C for 12 h in the vacuum.

Effects of Local Anesthetics With Vasoconstrictors on Dental Pulp Blood Flow and Oxygen Tension.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in pulpal blood flow (PBF) and pulpal oxygen tension (PpulpO2) after injecting local anesthetics with vasoconstrictors.

Methods: Under general anesthesia, male Japanese White rabbits were injected with 0.6 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine (LE) or 3% propitocaine (prilocaine) with 0.

Effects of changes in end-tidal carbon dioxide tension on oral tissue blood flow and tissue oxygen tension during remifentanil infusion in rabbits.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (ETCO) changes during remifentanil infusion on mandibular bone marrow tissue blood flow (BBF), masseter muscle tissue blood flow (MBF), mandibular bone marrow tissue oxygen tension (PbO) and masseter muscle tissue oxygen tension (PmO) in rabbits.

Methods: Ten male tracheotomized Japan White rabbits were anesthetized and ventilated with sevoflurane. ETCO was adjusted to 30 mmHg.

Prenatal enzyme replacement therapy for mice with lethal hypophosphatasia.

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a congenital skeletal disease. Impairment of bone mineralization and seizures are due to a deficiency of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is available as a highly successful treatment for pediatric-onset HPP.

Pentapartite fractionation of particles in oral fluids by differential centrifugation.

Oral fluids (OFs) contain small extracellular vesicles (sEVs or exosomes) that carry disease-associated diagnostic molecules. However, cells generate extracellular vesicles (EVs) other than sEVs, so the EV population is quite heterogeneous. Furthermore, molecules not packaged in EVs can also serve as diagnostic markers.

Remifentanil infusion during desflurane anesthesia reduces tissue blood flow while maintaining blood pressure and tissue oxygen tension in the masseter muscle and mandibular bone marrow.

The aim of this study was to compare changes in tissue blood flow and tissue oxygen tension in the masseter muscle and mandibular bone marrow induced by remifentanil under desflurane or sevoflurane anesthesia. Eleven male tracheotomized Japan White rabbits were anesthetized with desflurane or sevoflurane under mechanical ventilation. The order of the inhalation of desflurane or sevoflurane was randomized.

High-Level Expression of Alkaline Phosphatase by Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Ameliorates Pathological Bone Structure in a Hypophosphatasia Mouse Model.

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a systemic skeletal disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP). We recently reported that survival of HPP model mice can be prolonged using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector expressing bone-targeted TNALP with deca-aspartate at the C terminus (TNALP-D); however, abnormal bone structure and hypomineralization remained in the treated mice. Here, to develop a more effective and clinically applicable approach, we assessed whether transfection with TNALP-D expressing virus vector at a higher dose than previously used would ameliorate bone structure defects.

Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase promotes the osteogenic differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells.

Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is expressed in the calcification sites of the skeletal tissue. It promotes hydroxyapatite crystal formation by degrading inorganic pyrophosphate (PP) and increasing inorganic phosphate (P) concentration. However, abnormalities in Alpl mouse-derived osteoblasts are poorly understood, and the involvement of TNAP in osteoblast differentiation remains unclear.

Method for diagnosing neoplastic lesions by quantitative fluorescence value.

Fluorescence visualization devices (FVs) are useful for detecting malignant lesions because of their simple and noninvasive application. However, their quantitative application has been challenging. This study aimed to quantitatively and statistically evaluate the change in fluorescence intensity (FI) during the progression from normal epithelium to squamous cell carcinoma using a reproducible animal tongue carcinogenesis model.

Decreases in Oral Tissue Blood Flow Induced by Remifentanil Are Not Accompanied by Deterioration of Oral Tissue Oxygen Tension in Rabbits.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of remifentanil infusion on tissue blood flow and tissue oxygen tension in the mandibular bone marrow and masseter muscle in rabbits. In addition, changes in tissue oxygen consumption in those tissues during remifentanil infusion were investigated.

Materials And Methods: Sixteen male tracheotomized Japanese White rabbits were anesthetized with sevoflurane under mechanical ventilation.

Remifentanil decreases oral tissue blood flow while maintaining internal carotid artery blood flow during sevoflurane anesthesia in rabbits.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of remifentanil infusion on oral tissue blood flow including submandibular gland tissue blood flow (SBF) and internal carotid artery blood flow (ICBF) in rabbits during sevoflurane anesthesia. Twelve male Japan White rabbits were anesthetized with sevoflurane and remifentanil. Remifentanil was infused at 0.

Effect of Topical Anesthesia Using an Adhesive Patch and Anesthetic Solution.

We analyzed trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials (TSEP) to the alveolar mucosa to investigate the efficacy of an amide local anesthetic, 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with 12.5 μg/mL epinephrine (Lido treatment) as a topical anesthetic. Eighteen consenting healthy adult volunteers were enrolled.

Influence of lyophilization factors and gelatin concentration on pore structures of atelocollagen/gelatin sponge biomaterial.

This study aimed to investigate influences of lyophilization factors and gelatin concentration on pore structures of ACG sponge. ACG sponges of different freezing temperatures (-30, -80 and -196C), freezing times (1, 2 and 24 h), gelatin concentrations (0.6%AC+0.

Inhibition of the oxygen sensor PHD2 in the liver improves survival in lactic acidosis by activating the Cori cycle.

Loss of prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) activates the hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent hypoxic response, including anaerobic glycolysis, which causes large amounts of lactate to be released from cells into the circulation. We found that Phd2-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) produced more lactate than wild-type MEFs, as expected, whereas systemic inactivation of PHD2 in mice did not cause hyperlacticacidemia. This unexpected observation led us to hypothesize that the hypoxic response activated in the liver enhances the Cori cycle, a lactate-glucose carbon recycling system between muscle and liver, and thereby decreases circulating lactate.