Primary Structural Transformations of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides in the Granulated Juice Sacs of .

Granulation is a commonly seen internal disorder of citrus fruit, characterized by decreased juice yield, thickened cell wall, and abnormal hardened juice sac. The present study compared the juice sacs of at different granulation degrees (healthy, gelatinous, moderately granulated, and severely granulated) regarding their soluble polysaccharide content and structural changes of water-soluble polysaccharides. The contents of water-, CDTA-, NaCO-, 1 mol/L KOH-, and 4 mol/L KOH-soluble polysaccharides increased with the granulation degree.

Efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic detoxification of a sulfur mustard simulant in air using rose bengal-functionalized MOFs.

Sulfur mustard, a highly toxic chemical warfare agent, poses a significant threat to human health. Consequently, the development of efficient and rapid decontamination strategies is of paramount importance. However, current degradation methods are often hindered by slow reaction rates and limited selectivity.

Functional Characterization of a Highly Efficient UDP-Glucosyltransferase CitUGT72AZ4 Involved in the Biosynthesis of Flavonoid Glycosides in Citrus.

Citrus is an important dietary source of flavonoid glycosides, and UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are the key enzymes responsible for their glycosylation. In this study, a genome-wide analysis of the gene family was conducted to identify that contribute to flavonoid 4'--glucosides biosynthesis. Our analysis identified 136 CitUGTs in the genome, classifying them into 18 phylogenetic groups (A-R) and 25 families.

PpGATA4 mediates fruit softening and transcriptionally regulates PpEXPA1 in peach (Prunus persica).

Softening during fruit ripening often exacerbates mechanical damage during postharvest processing and increases susceptibility to pathogens. According to current research, the fruit softening process is closely related to the degradation of the cell wall. The nonenzymatic protein expansin (EXP) is a key cell wall loosening agent involved in cell growth and cell wall degradation.

Hepatoprotective potential of four fruit extracts rich in different structural flavonoids against alcohol-induced liver injury via gut microbiota-liver axis.

Alcoholic liver injury (ALI) accounts for a major share of the global burden of non-viral liver disease. In the absence of specialized medications, research on using fruit flavonoids as a treatment is gaining momentum. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of four fruits rich in structurally diverse flavonoids: ougan (Citrus reticulata cv.

Integrated Metabolomic-Transcriptomic Analyses of Flavonoid Accumulation in Citrus Fruit under Exogenous Melatonin Treatment.

The flavonoids in citrus fruits are crucial physiological regulators and natural bioactive products of high pharmaceutical value. Melatonin is a pleiotropic hormone that can regulate plant morphogenesis and stress resistance and alter the accumulation of flavonoids in these processes. However, the direct effect of melatonin on citrus flavonoids remains unclear.

Treatment of Donor Cells with Oxidative Phosphorylation Inhibitor CPI Enhances Porcine Cloned Embryo Development.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology holds great promise for livestock industry, life science and human biomedicine. However, the development and application of this technology is limited by the low developmental potential of SCNT embryos. The developmental competence of cloned embryos is influenced by the energy metabolic status of donor cells.

Supplementation of SkQ1 Increases Mouse In Vitro Oocyte Maturation and Subsequent Embryonic Development by Reducing Oxidative Stress.

In vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) technology is important for assisted animal and human reproduction. However, the maturation rates and developmental potential of in vitro-matured oocytes are usually lower than those of in vivo-matured oocytes. Oxidative stress is a main factor that causes the lower maturation rates and quality of in vitro-matured oocytes.

Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Basis of the Difference in Antioxidant Capacity in Different Tissues of 'Ponkan'.

Citrus is an important type of fruit, with antioxidant bioactivity. However, the variations in the antioxidant ability of different tissues in citrus and its metabolic and molecular basis remain unclear. Here, we assessed the antioxidant capacities of 12 tissues from 'Ponkan', finding that young leaves and root exhibited the strongest antioxidant capacity.

Phenolics and Terpenoids Profiling in Diverse Loquat Fruit Varieties and Systematic Assessment of Their Mitigation of Alcohol-Induced Oxidative Stress.

To compare and investigate the phenolic compounds in the peel and flesh of loquat () and evaluate their ability to protect against alcohol-induced liver oxidative stress, we employed a combination of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze 22 phenolics and 2 terpenoid compounds in loquat peel and flesh extracts (extraction with 95% ethanol). Among these, six compounds were identified for the first time in loquat, revealing distinct distribution patterns based on variety and tissue. Various chemical models, such as DPPH, FRAP, ORAC, and ABTS, were used to assess free radical scavenging and metal ion reduction capabilities.

Functional characterization of two flavone synthase II members in citrus.

Polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), the main form of flavones in citrus, are derived from the flavone branch of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Flavone synthases (FNSs) are enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of flavones from flavanones. However, the FNS in citrus has not been characterized yet.

Detection and classification of volatile compounds emitted by three fungi-infected citrus fruit using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Citrus fruit produced some characteristic volatile compounds when infected by fungi compared with the healthy fruit. In the present study, volatile metabolites of postharvest citrus fruit with three different diseases including stem-end rot, blue mold and green mold were detected. Multivariate analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were employed to classify the volatile compounds between the infected and non-infected citrus fruit.

Contrasting Roles of Ethylene Response Factors in Pathogen Response and Ripening in Fleshy Fruit.

Fleshy fruits are generally hard and unpalatable when unripe; however, as they mature, their quality is transformed by the complex and dynamic genetic and biochemical process of ripening, which affects all cell compartments. Ripening fruits are enriched with nutrients such as acids, sugars, vitamins, attractive volatiles and pigments and develop a pleasant taste and texture and become attractive to eat. Ripening also increases sensitivity to pathogens, and this presents a crucial problem for fruit postharvest transport and storage: how to enhance pathogen resistance while maintaining ripening quality.

Integrated Physiochemical, Hormonal, and Transcriptomic Analysis Revealed the Underlying Mechanisms for Granulation in Huyou () Fruit.

Juice sac granulation is a common internal physiological disorder of citrus fruit. In the present study, we compared the physiochemical characteristics and transcriptome profiles of juice sacs in different granulation levels from Huyou fruit (. The accumulation of cell wall components, including the water-soluble pectin, protopectin, cellulose, and lignin, were significantly correlated with the granulation process, resulting in the firmness increase of the juice sac.

Advances of section drying in citrus fruit: The metabolic changes, mechanisms and prevention methods.

Citrus fruit are consumed worldwide due to their excellent features, such as delicious taste and health-promoting compounds. However, section drying, a physiological disorder of citrus fruit, often occurs both in the preharvest and postharvest storage, causing a significant reduction in fruit quality and consumer acceptance. In this review, section drying of citrus fruit was divided into three types: granulation, vesicle collapse and both above.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity and Gut Microbiota Modulatory Effects of Different Kinds of Berries.

Berries are fairly favored by consumers. Phenolic compounds are the major phytochemicals in berries, among which anthocyanins are one of the most studied. Phenolic compounds are reported to have prebiotic-like effects.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Root Restriction Effects on the Primary Metabolites during Grape Berry Development and Ripening.

Root restriction (RR) has been reported to enhance grape berry quality in diverse aspects of grape life. In this study, RR-induced increases in the main primary metabolites in the grape berry and the expression of their related genes were studied at different developmental stages. Mainly the transcriptomic and metabolomic level were analyzed using 'Summer Black' grape berry as a material.

Nobiletin as a chemopreventive natural product against cancer, a comprehensive review.

As a leading cause of death, second only to heart disease, cancer has always been one of the burning topics in medical research. When targeting multiple signal pathways in tumorigenesis chemoprevention, using natural or synthetic anti-cancer drugs is a vital strategy to reduce cancer damage. However, toxic effects, multidrug resistance (MDR) as well as cancer stem cells (CSCs) all prominently limited the clinical application of conventional anticancer drugs.

Polymethoxyflavones in Citrus Regulate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Oscillating Decay of Circadian Rhythm Genes by Inhibiting Expression.

The aim of this study is to compare the regulatory abilities of citrus flavonoids on the oscillating expression of circadian genes. Seven varieties of citrus fruits and twenty-five citrus flavonoids were selected and evaluated. luciferase bioluminescence report system and serum shock were used to induce circadian gene expression in mouse microglia BV-2 cells.

Selenium-enriched Polysaccharide: an Effective and Safe Selenium Source of C57 Mice to Improve Growth Performance, Regulate Selenium Deposition, and Promote Antioxidant Capacity.

Selenium-enriched polysaccharide (SeEPS) was prepared by reducing Se(IV) to elemental selenium and organic selenium in polysaccharide medium by the obtained Enterobacter cloacae strain Z0206 under aerobic conditions. In the present study, we focused on investigating the role of short-term supplementation of SeEPS at supernutritional doses in the regulation of growth performance, liver damage, antioxidant capacity, and selenium (Se) accumulation in C57 mice. Thirty-two C57 mice were randomly divided into four groups: the control group was gavaged with equal volume of phosphate-buffered saline, while the sodium selenite (NaSeO), selenomethionine (SeMet), and SeEPS groups were gavaged with 0.

Tangeretin maintains antioxidant activity by reducing CUL3 mediated NRF2 ubiquitination.

To explore the antioxidant capacity of citrus flavonoids under different evaluation systems, chemical and biological methods were engaged to determine the antioxidant abilities of flavanones and polymethoxyflavones. Results showed that flavanones exhibited good antioxidant activity, while polymethoxyflavones had a weak ability to scavenge free radicals. Both flavanones and polymethoxyflavones exerted the ability to inhibit HO-induced oxidative stress, but the effective concentration of polymethoxyflavones was lower.

Ultrasound-mediated molecular self-assemble of thymol with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for fruit preservation.

In this study, the inclusion complex (IC) of thymol with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) was fast synthetized by ultrasonic technology and its antifungal activities were evaluated. The thymol/HPβCD-IC was characterized by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence emission spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, H-NMR, TGA and DSC. The phase solubility studies proved that the aqueous solubility of thymol was significantly improved by forming the inclusion complex with HPβCD, and the thermal stability analysis showed that thymol/HPβCD-IC had a better thermal stability than pure thymol.

Inorganic material based macrophage regulation for cancer therapy: basic concepts and recent advances.

Macrophages with the M1 phenotype are a type of immune cell with exciting prospects for cancer therapy; however, when these macrophages infiltrate into tumours, many of them are induced by the tumour microenvironment to transform into the M2 type, which can enable tumour defence against external therapeutic strategies, assisting in tumour development. Macrophages have strong plasticity and functional heterogeneity, and their phenotypic transformation is complex and still poorly understood in relation to cancer therapy. Recent material advances in inorganic nanomaterials, especially inorganic elements in vivo, have accelerated the development of macrophage regulation-based cancer treatments.