9,000-year-old barley consumption in the foothills of central Asia.

Scholars are increasingly favoring models for the origins of agriculture that involve a protracted process of increasing interdependence within a series of mutualistic relationships between humans and plants, as opposed to a rapid single event or innovation. Nonetheless, these scholars continue to debate over when people first started foraging for grass seeds, when they began to readily utilize sickles, how prominent the early selection pressures were, and when the first traits of domestication fully introgressed into the cultivated grass population. Here, we present complementary archaeobotanical and archaeological (stone tool) evidence for cereal foragers from Toda-1 Cave in the Surkhan Darya, dating to 9200 cal BP.

High-Entropy Single-Atom Evaporator: Collaborative Omnibearing Light Trapping Stereo Structures for Efficient Water Transport Dynamics.

Achieving efficient photothermal evaporation requires a synergistic integration of thermal management, water transport dynamics, and light trapping-key elements often challenging to harmonize. Herein, A high-entropy single-atomic metal doped porous carbon (HESA) with ultra-low metal content of 1.77 wt.

Mode-locked cylindrical vector vortex beam unlocked the generation of a 2 µm multidimensional ultrafast laser.

The development of multidimensional lasers, particularly 2 µm vector vortex pulsed beams, has garnered significant interest for applications in laser medicine and optical communication. This paper reports the successful achievement of mode-locked azimuthally polarized vector beams (APVB) and radially polarized vector beams (RPVB) in a c-cut Tm:CaYAlO crystal cavity. Utilizing a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM), the laser produced output powers of 110 mW (APVB) and 98 mW (RPVB), with pulse durations of 41.

Anthocyanin profiles and transcriptional control in anthocyanin-rich Brassica carinata.

Brassica carinata has gained traction as an alternative biofuel feedstock in many countries, and serves as a well-known dual-purpose crop for both oilseed and leafy vegetable production. The purple varieties, which are rich in anthocyanins, are usually more eye-catching and beneficial to health. In this study, eleven cyanidin 3-glycoside-5-glucoside derivatives with different acyl modifications were characterized in two purple varieties of B.

Identification of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase gene in and its regulatory mechanism in saponin synthesis.

Oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins are the primary medicinal components of . During saponin biosynthesis in , various members of the 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) gene family can direct 2,3-oxidosqualene into triterpene saponin and sterol synthesis pathways. However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear.

Mechanisms and engineering of a miniature type V-N CRISPR-Cas12 effector enzyme.

Type V CRISPR-Cas12 systems are highly diverse in their functionality and molecular compositions, including miniature Cas12f1 and Cas12n genome editors that provide advantages for efficient in vivo therapeutic delivery due to their small size. In contrast to Cas12f1 nucleases that utilize a homodimer structure for DNA targeting and cleavage with a preference for T- or C-rich PAMs, Cas12n nucleases are likely monomeric proteins and uniquely recognize rare A-rich PAMs. However, the molecular mechanisms behind RNA-guided genome targeting and cleavage by Cas12n remain unclear.

Apnea detection using wrist actigraphy in patients with heterogeneous sleep disorders.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and related hypoxia are well-established cardiovascular and neurocognitive risk factors. Current multi-sensor diagnostic approaches are intrusive and prone to misdiagnosis when simplified. This study introduces an enhanced single-sensor-based OSA screening method, leveraging novel signal processing and machine learning to ensure accurate detection across diverse populations.

Facilitating efficient catalytic conversion of polysulfides in lithium-sulfur batteries via self-assembled hydrogen-bond-rich covalent organic frameworks.

The widespread commercialization of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries is hindered by two critical challenges: sluggish redox kinetics and the detrimental polysulfide shuttle effect. In this study, we present a novel approach utilizing hydrogen-bond-rich covalent organic frameworks (TTP@PVDF50), synthesized through an in situ self-assembly process incorporating polymeric guest species. These covalent organic frameworks (COFs), when integrated into the separators of Li-S batteries, preserve their intrinsic porosity and crystallinity, while the abundant fluorine-rich sites and well-defined pore structures enhance lithium-ion (Li) transport kinetics.

In-depth and high-throughput spatial proteomics for whole-tissue slice profiling by deep learning-facilitated sparse sampling strategy.

Mammalian organs and tissues are composed of heterogeneously distributed cells, which interact with each other and the extracellular matrix surrounding them in a spatially defined way. Therefore, spatially resolved gene expression profiling is crucial for determining the function and phenotypes of these cells. While genome mutations and transcriptome alterations act as drivers of diseases, the proteins that they encode regulate essentially all biological functions and constitute the majority of biomarkers and drug targets for disease diagnostics and treatment.

Targeting intracellular cancer proteins with tumor-microenvironment-responsive bispecific nanobody-PROTACs for enhanced therapeutic efficacy.

Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are pivotal in cancer therapy for their ability to degrade specific proteins. However, their non-specificity can lead to systemic toxicity due to protein degradation in normal cells. To address this, we have integrated a nanobody into the PROTACs framework and leveraged the tumor microenvironment to enhance drug specificity.

Adhesion Strategy for Cross-Linking AgNWs/MXene Janus Membrane: Stretchable and Self-Healing Electromagnetic Shielding and Infrared Stealth Capabilities.

Developing lightweight polymer shielding membranes with additional physicochemical properties is of great significance for addressing the complex contemporary security demands. However, precise structural design at the molecular level remains a challenge. Herein, a unique Janus composite membrane is assembled from conductive AgNWs/MXene 1D/2D network and polyurethane elastomer (MPHEA), displaying combined superior electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of up to 80 dB and remarkable infrared stealth capability at a wide temperature range of room temperature to 50 °C.

Upregulation of delta opioid receptor by meningeal interleukin-10 prevents relapsing pain.

Chronic pain often includes periods of transient amelioration and even remission that alternate with severe relapsing pain. While most research on chronic pain has focused on pain development and maintenance, there is a critical unmet need to better understand the mechanisms that underlie pain remission and relapse. We found that interleukin (IL)-10, a pain resolving cytokine, is produced by resident macrophages in the spinal meninges during remission from pain and signaled to IL-10 receptor-expressing sensory neurons.

bZIP transcription factor responds to changes in light quality and affects saponins synthesis in Eleutherococcus senticosus.

Light quality considerably influences plant secondary metabolism, yet the precise mechanism underlying its impact on Eleutherococcus senticosus remains elusive. Comprehensive metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that varying light quality alters the biosynthesis of triterpene saponins by modulating the expression of genes involved in the process in E. senticosus.

OrganogenesisDB: A Comprehensive Database Exploring the Cell-Type Identities and Gene Expression Dynamics during Organogenesis.

Organogenesis, the phase of embryonic development that starts at the end of gastrulation and continues until birth is the critical process for understanding cellular differentiation and maturation during organ development. The rapid development of single-cell transcriptomics technology has led to many novel discoveries in understanding organogenesis while also accumulating a large quantity of data. To fill this gap, OrganogenesisDB (http://organogenesisdb.

Alzheimer's disease early screening and staged detection with plasma proteome using machine learning and convolutional neural network.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) stands as the prevalent progressive neurodegenerative disease, precipitating cognitive impairment and even memory loss. Amyloid biomarkers have been extensively used in the diagnosis of AD. However, amyloid proteins offer limited information about the disease process and accurate diagnosis depends on the presence of a substantial accumulation of amyloid deposition which significantly impedes the early screening of AD.

Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies Key Genes in the Effect of Resistance Training on Female Skeletal Muscle Aging.

Resistance training is used to combat skeletal muscle function decline in older adults. Few studies have been designed specific for females, resulting in very limited treatment options for skeletal muscle atrophy in aging women. Here, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of skeletal muscle samples from sedentary young women, sedentary older women, and resistance-trained older women, using microarray data from public database.

Advances in microRNA regulation of deep vein thrombosis through venous vascular endothelial cells (Review).

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a prevalent clinical venous thrombotic condition that often manifests independently or in conjunction with other ailments. Thrombi have the propensity to dislodge into the circulatory system, giving rise to complications such as pulmonary embolism, thereby posing a significant risk to the patient. Virchow proposed that blood stagnation, alterations in the vessel wall and hypercoagulation are primary factors contributing to the development of venous thrombosis.

DNA methylation regulates the secondary metabolism of saponins to improve the adaptability of Eleutherococcus senticosus during drought stress.

Plant growth and development can be significantly impacted by drought stress. Plants will adjust the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites to improve survival in times of water constraint. Simultaneously, drought stress can lead to modifications in the DNA methylation status of plants, and these modifications can directly impact gene expression and product synthesis by changing the DNA methylation status of functional genes involved in secondary metabolite synthesis.

miR-328-3p targets TLR2 to ameliorate oxygen-glucose deprivation injury and neutrophil extracellular trap formation in HUVECs via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Background: Endothelial cell injury is one of the important pathogenic mechanisms in thrombotic diseases, and also neutrophils are involved. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to act as essential players in endothelial cell injury, but the potential molecular processes are unknown. In this study, we used cellular tests to ascertain the protective effect of miR-328-3p on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD).

Cultivation and morphology of jujube (Ziziphus Jujuba Mill.) in the Qi River Basin of Northern China during the Neolithic Period.

This transition from gathering to cultivation is a significant aspect of studying early agricultural practices. Fruit trees are an essential component of food resources and have played a vital role in both ancient and modern agricultural production systems. The jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

BacPE: a versatile prime-editing platform in bacteria by inhibiting DNA exonucleases.

Prime editing allows precise installation of any single base substitution and small insertions and deletions without requiring homologous recombination or double-strand DNA breaks in eukaryotic cells. However, the applications in bacteria are hindered and the underlying mechanisms that impede efficient prime editing remain enigmatic. Here, we report the determination of vital cellular factors that affect prime editing in bacteria.

Social isolation, loneliness and subsequent risk of major adverse cardiovascular events among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are more vulnerable to social disconnection compared with the general population; however, there are few relevant studies investigating this issue.

Aims: To investigate whether social isolation or loneliness may be associated with subsequent risk of developing major adverse cardiovascular events, whether these associations vary according to fatal and non-fatal outcomes and how behavioural, psychological and physiological factors mediate these associations.

Methods: This longitudinal analysis included data from 19 360 individuals with T2DM at baseline (2006-2010) from the UK Biobank.

Roles of mechanosensitive ion channels in immune cells.

Mechanosensitive ion channels are a class of membrane-integrated proteins that convert externalmechanical forces, including stretching, pressure, gravity, and osmotic pressure changes, some of which can be caused by pathogen invasion, into electrical and chemical signals transmitted to the cytoplasm. In recent years, with the identification of many of these channels, their roles in the initiation and progression of many diseases have been gradually revealed. Multiple studies have shown that mechanosensitive ion channels regulate the proliferation, activation, and inflammatory responses of immune cells by being expressed on the surface of immune cells and further responding to mechanical forces.

The role of MOTS-c-mediated antioxidant defense in aerobic exercise alleviating diabetic myocardial injury.

Myocardial remodeling and dysfunction are commonly observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Aerobic exercise can partly alleviate diabetes-induced myocardial dysfunction through its antioxidant actions. MOTS-c is a potential exercise mimic.