Perspectives on two major bioactives in ginger, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol, focusing on the metabolic fate and bioactivities.

Ginger, a globally cultivated spice and medicinal herb, is renowned for its health benefits and distinctive flavor. As ginger's main pungent and bioactive components, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol share similar physicochemical properties and can be obtained by extraction from ginger or chemical synthesis. After oral ingestion, the biological fate of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol are influenced by processes including absorption, biotransformation, distribution, and excretion.

Structure characterization, simulated digestion, and microbial modulation of Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharides.

Edible mushrooms polysaccharides are widely recognized for their biological activities, yet the prebiotic potential of Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharides (POP) remains underexplored. In this study, POP was isolated, structurally characterized, and evaluated for digestibility and impact on gut microbiota. Structural analysis revealed that POP comprises →4)-α-Glcp-(1→, →3)-β-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-Glcp-(1→ and →3,4)-α-Glcp-(1→ linkages as the backbone, with side chains of 1,6-α-Galp and α-Manp residues.

Impact of Citrus Pectin on Gut Microbiota Metabolism Dysbiosis Induced by Transient Alternating High-Fat Diet.

Pectin, as an important component of dietary fiber, plays a crucial regulatory role in maintaining the homeostasis of gut microbiota. The transient alternate high-fat diet (TAHD) is a dietary pattern that alternates between 3 days of a low-fat diet (LFD) and 3 days of a high-fat diet, aiming to simulate daily dietary habits. In this study, we investigated the temporal dynamics of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in response to citrus pectin (CP, 3% (w/w)) supplementation under TAHD.

Systematic review of hypoglycemic polysaccharides: sources, preparation, and identification techniques, evaluation models, structure-activity relationships, and mechanistic insights.

The rising prevalence of diabetes presents a considerable challenge to global public health security. Although hypoglycemic drugs have clear effects, they can cause serious complications, such as liver and kidney dysfunction and hypoglycemia. Natural active polysaccharides are active substances that relieve diabetes and have no toxic or side effects, thus attracting substantial interest.

Absorption and immune-modulating effects of active peptides from proteins in an gastrointestinal model.

The mechanism by which fungal proteins retain immunomodulatory activity after gastrointestinal digestion remains unknown. To shed light on the mechanism, the proteins and peptides from were explored through digestion using a Caco-2/RAW264.7 co-culture model.

Variability of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Curcumin Metabolism and Its Biological Implications.

The interaction between lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and curcumin can influence curcumin bioactivity; however, the strain-specific metabolic transformations of curcumin by LAB remain unclear. In our study, two LAB exhibiting distinct metabolic activities on curcumin were selected: ATCC 33323 (LM) could metabolize curcumin, while ATCC 23272 (LUM) could not. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis showed that LUM preserved curcumin's native form, whereas LM metabolized it completely.

The regulatory effects and mechanisms of plant food-derived bioactive components on gut barrier function and intestinal homeostasis: a comprehensive review.

The gut barrier, composed of physical, secretory, immunological, and biological components, serves as the first line of defense against external threats. The commensal microbiota not only functions as a biological barrier to maintain intestinal homeostasis but also produces metabolites that regulate gut barrier integrity. Increasing evidence suggests that gut barrier dysfunction is linked to gastrointestinal diseases, autoimmune disorders, and neurological conditions.

Colon health benefits of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles via modulating gut microbiota and immunity.

Exosomes are nanoscale particles with a lipid bilayer membrane that were first identified in mammalian cells. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs) share structural and molecular similarities with mammalian exosomes, including lipids, proteins, microRNA (miRNA), and plant-derived metabolites. Owing to their unique characteristics, such as outstanding stability, low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility, and sustainability, PELNs have emerged as promising natural bioactive agents with the capacity for cross-kingdom cellular regulation.

Gut Microbiota-Mediated Degradation of Food-Grade Lambda-Carrageenan by and Its Role in Inflammation.

Concerns about the safety of food additives have intensified among consumers, scientists, and policymakers. Ensuring the safety of these additives is crucial to public health. Carrageenan (CGN), a common additive in the food industry, has become the subject of controversy, particularly regarding whether it can be degraded in the gastrointestinal tract, forming degraded carrageenans (dCGNs) that may pose health risks.

Unveiling the role of gut microbiota in curcumin metabolism using antibiotic-treated mice.

Curcumin might exert its therapeutic effects by interacting with gut microbiota. However, the role of gut microbiota in curcumin metabolism in vivo remains poorly understood. To address this, we used antibiotics to deplete gut microbiota and compared curcumin metabolism in control and antibiotic-treated mice.

Metabolomics study of dietary Pleurotus eryngii β-type glycosidic polysaccharide on colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate in mice - Exploration for the potential metabolic indicators in urine and serum.

Pleurotus eryngii, an edible mushroom recognized for its potent polysaccharides, demonstrates significant regulatory effects on metabolic processes. β-glucan (WPEP) derived from P. eryngii has been noted for its therapeutic potential, exhibiting notable benefits in alleviating colonic inflammation and restructuring gut microbiota in mice treated with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS).

Impacts of preparation technologies on biological activities of edible mushroom polysaccharides - novel insights for personalized nutrition achievement.

Edible mushroom polysaccharides (EMPs) as a natural macromolecular carbohydrate have a very complex structure and composition. EMPs are considered ideal candidates for developing healthy products and functional foods and have received significant research attention due to their unique physiological activities such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor/cancer, gut microbiota regulation, metabolism improvement, and nervous system protection. The structure and monosaccharide composition of edible mushroom polysaccharides have an unknown relationship with their functional activity, which has not been widely studied.

Dietary intake of whole king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) attenuated obesity via ameliorating lipid metabolism and alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis.

There is a growing interest in employing whole food-based strategies to prevent chronic diseases, owing to the potential synergistic interactions among various bioactive components found within whole foods. The current research aimed to determine inhibitory effects of the whole edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii (WPE) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice. Our results showed that dietary intake of WPE significantly inhibited the abnormal gain of body weight and adipose tissue weight, improved glucose tolerance, and ameliorated the serum biochemical parameters in HFD-fed mice.

Physicochemical, Structural, and Functional Properties of Fructans from Single-Clove Garlic and Multiclove Garlic: A Comparison.

This study aimed to compare the structural features and functional properties of polysaccharides from single-clove garlic (SGPs) and multiclove garlic (MGPs) and to establish their structure-function relationships. Both SGPs and MGPs were identified as fructans consisting mainly of →1)-β-d-Fru (2→ and →6)-β-d-Fru (2→ residues but differed in average molecular weights (6.76 and 5.

Interactions between intestinal microbial fermentation products of polysaccharide with gut mucus.

Recently, () polysaccharide (PEP) has received a lot of attention from many researchers as the primary active substance. The PEP influences the gut microbiota in several ways, including the interaction of fermentation products with the intestinal mucus layer (IML) and intestinal epithelial cells. Herein, we characterized interactions between the IML and PEP after degradation by the gut microbes.

Gardenia ( Ellis) fruit: a critical review of its functional nutrients, processing methods, health-promoting effects, comprehensive application and future tendencies.

Gardenia fruit (GF) is the mature fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, boasting a rich array of nutrients and phytochemicals. Over time, GF has been extensively utilized in both food and medicinal contexts. In recent years, numerous studies have delved into the chemical constituents of GF and their associated pharmacological activities, encompassing its phytochemical composition and health-promoting properties.

Dietary 5-demethylnobiletin attenuated dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by inhibiting immune response and regulating gut microbiota.

This study investigated the preventive effect of 5-demethylnobiletin (5DN), a natural polymethoxyflavone found mainly in citrus fruits, on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and explored its potential mechanisms. Our results indicated that dietary 5DN (0.05% w/w in diet) could alleviate colitis symptoms in DSS-treated mice by preventing body weight loss, reducing the disease activity index, decreasing the colon weight to colon length ratio, and lessening colon tissue damage.

Adverse effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on beneficial gut bacteria and host health based on untargeted metabolomics analysis.

Titanium dioxide (TiO) is a common additive in foods, medicines, and personal care products. In recent years, nano-scale particles in TiO additives have been an increasing concern due to their potential adverse effects on human health, especially gut health. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO NPs, 30 nm) on beneficial gut bacteria and host response from a metabolomics perspective.

Simulated gastrointestinal digestion and gut microbiota fermentation of polysaccharides from Agaricus bisporus.

Agaricus bisporus, an edible mushroom, is grown and consumed worldwide for its delicious taste and multiple health benefits. A. bisporus polysaccharides (ABP) are the main bioactive ingredient of the mushroom that confers health benefits.

Research advances of biological fate of food bioactives delivered by colloidal systems.

Food bioactives exhibit various health-promoting effects and are widely used in functional foods to maintain human health. After oral intake, bioactives undergo complex biological processes before reaching the target organs to exert their biological effects. However, several factors may reduce their bioavailability.

Nanofibrils of food-grade proteins: Formation mechanism, delivery systems, and application evaluation.

Due to the high aspect ratio, appealing mechanical characteristics, and various adjustable functional groups on the surface proteins, food-grade protein nanofibrils have attracted great research interest in the field of food science. Fibrillation, known as a process of peptide self-assembly, is recognized as a common attribute for food-grade proteins. Converting food-grade proteins into nanofibrils is a promising strategy to broaden their functionality and applications, such as improvement of the properties of gelling and emulsifying, especially for constructing various delivery systems for bioactive compounds.

Carotenoid fates in plant foods: Chemical changes from farm to table and nutrition.

Carotenoids in plant foods are sources of pro-vitamin A and nutrients with several health benefits, including antioxidant and anticancer activities. However, humans cannot synthesize carotenoids and must obtain them from the diet, typically via plant foods. We review the chemical changes of carotenoids in plant foods from farm to table and nutrition, including nutrient release and degradation during processing and metabolism in vivo.