Converting "nonlesional" imaging occult epilepsy into a focal lesional entity using advanced imaging techniques: illustrative case.

Background: To achieve the best possible outcome in surgical refractory epilepsy, the seizure onset zone must be accurately identified prior to treatment.

Observations: A 38-year-old man presented with tonic-clonic and focal seizures 2-3 times per month, refractory to antiseizure medications. Scalp EEG, MRI, PET, ictal SPECT, magnetoencephalography, and stereo-EEG (SEEG) did not provide conclusive seizure onset zone localization.

Enlarged perivascular space burden predicts declines in cognitive and functional performance.

Introduction: We evaluated the relationship between baseline enlarged perivascular space (ePVS) burden and later cognitive decline.

Methods: 83 community-dwelling, older adults (aged 56-86) completed three annual cognitive assessments that included the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR®) Dementia Staging Instrument Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) and composite measures of executive function and episodic memory. An MRI scan at baseline was used to count ePVS in the basal ganglia and centrum semiovale.

Tumor versus bland thrombus: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma presenting as cavernous sinus and left superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis.

A 66-year-old female with a history of sinusitis presented with persistent diplopia and worsening eyelid swelling. Examination revealed bilateral vision loss, cranial nerve palsies, left-sided chemosis, proptosis, and edema. Initial imaging showed sphenoid sinus opacification, bilateral ethmoid disease, lack of filling of bilateral cavernous sinuses, and partial thrombosis of the left superior ophthalmic vein.

Pearls & Oy-sters: Bibrachial Amyotrophy From a Dural Tear.

Bibrachial amyotrophy signifies a clinical phenotype characterized by weakness in both upper extremities with preserved strength in the face, neck, and lower extremities. The underlying causes of bibrachial amyotrophy are broad. We report a patient exhibiting bibrachial amyotrophy who initially received a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); however, his clinical course and NCS/EMG were atypical for ALS.

Association of Baseline Cerebrovascular Reactivity and Longitudinal Development of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in the Basal Ganglia.

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS) are associated with cognitive dysfunction in aging. However, the pathogenesis of ePVS remains unknown. Here, we tested the possibility that baseline cerebrovascular dysfunction, as measured by a magnetic resonance imaging measure of cerebrovascular reactivity, contributes to the later development of ePVS.

Equipment Setup and Artifact Removal for Simultaneous Electroencephalogram and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Clinical Review in Epilepsy.

Simultaneous electroencephalogram and functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) is a unique combined technique that provides synergy in the understanding and localization of seizure onset in epilepsy. However, reported experimental protocols for EEG-fMRI recordings fail to address details about conducting such procedures on epilepsy patients. In addition, these protocols are limited solely to research settings.

Enlarged Perivascular Spaces Are Negatively Associated With Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scores in Older Adults.

Emerging evidence suggests that enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS) may be a clinically significant neuroimaging marker of global cognitive function related to cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD). We tested this possibility by assessing the relationship between ePVS and both a standardized measure of global cognitive function, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and an established marker of cSVD, white matter hyperintensity volume (WMH) volume. One hundred and eleven community-dwelling older adults (56-86) underwent neuroimaging and MoCA testing.

Deep learning versus iterative reconstruction on image quality and dose reduction in abdominal CT: a live animal study.

While simulated low-dose CT images and phantom studies cannot fully approximate subjective and objective effects of deep learning (DL) denoising on image quality, live animal models may afford this assessment. This study is to investigate the potential of DL in CT dose reduction on image quality compared to iterative reconstruction (IR).The upper abdomen of a live 4 year old sheep was scanned on a CT scanner at different exposure levels.

Iterative Reconstruction in Dose Reduction of A Head CT Examination and Corresponding Acquisition Parameter Selection.

Purpose: To investigate the potential of iterative reconstruction in radiation dose reduction during head computed tomography (CT) examinations and to evaluate the relationship between the parameters milliampere second (mAs), kilovoltage (kV), and iterative reconstruction strength using a live ovine (sheep) model.

Methods: A sheep was scanned on a SOMATOM Force (Siemens Healthineers) CT scanner at 12 mAs and 3 kV. Images were reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP) and the Advanced Modeled Iterative Reconstruction (ADMIRE; Siemens Healthineers) strengths 1 to 5.

Cortical iron disrupts functional connectivity networks supporting working memory performance in older adults.

Excessive brain iron negatively affects working memory and related processes but the impact of cortical iron on task-relevant, cortical brain networks is unknown. We hypothesized that high cortical iron concentration may disrupt functional circuitry within cortical networks supporting working memory performance. Fifty-five healthy older adults completed an N-Back working memory paradigm while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed.

Reversible manifestations of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis.

Movement disorders are uncommon manifestations of neurocysticercosis. When present, most are secondary to parenchymal lesions in the basal ganglia. Rarely, movement disorders can occur in racemose/extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis, an aggressive variant frequently associated with cerebrospinal fluid outflow obstruction and hydrocephalus.

Surfer's myelopathy without surfing: a report of two pediatric patients.

Introduction: Surfer's myelopathy (SM) is a rare disorder described in subjects presenting with acute paraparesis while learning how to surf. It is thought to be secondary to spinal ischemia triggered by hyperextension. Spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows changes consistent with spinal cord ischemia on T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).

Imaging of Functional and Dysfunctional Episodic Memory.

A foundational framework for understanding functional and dysfunctional imaging of episodic memory emerges from the last 3 decades of human and animal research. This comprehensive review is presented from the vantage point of the fornix, a white matter bridge that occupies a central position in this functional network. Salient insights are identified, spanning topics such as hippocampal efferent and afferent networks, input and processing streams, hemispheric specialization, dysfunctional effects of pathologic and surgical injury, optimization of functional magnetic resonance imaging design and neuropsychological tests, and rehabilitation strategies.