"An HIV Free Generation": A Qualitative Inquiry Into Mapping Intersectional Discourses of Preexposure Prophylaxis for Women Among Female Nurses in Rural South Africa.

South Africa has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the world, with women and girls bearing the greatest burden. Although HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective, data on its implementation in rural South Africa remain limited. Our study explores how female nurses in Msinga, South Africa, navigate communal hopes and anxieties regarding PrEP for women.

A critical awareness approach to cluster hiring for academic inclusion.

Minoritized groups experience interpersonal, structural, and systemic marginalization that is also perpetuated within academic institutions. This marginalization produces barriers that exclude racial/ethnic minoritized groups within academic medicine from career opportunities and advancement. Racial/ethnic minoritized faculty are often expected to take on additional labor to serve the diversity needs of the program and/or institution that are often unrecognized or undervalued in the tenure or promotion process or detract from additional responsibilities.

Empowerment in prevention: a qualitative inquiry into Black girl-centred strategies for reducing HIV/STI and drug misuse risk.

Black girls in the United States are disproportionately diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which can increase the risk of contracting HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), compared to adolescent girls of other races. Therefore, this study was designed to understand barriers to impactful HIV/STI and substance use prevention programmes for Black girls. Data was collected between October 2021 and June 2022 from twelve focus groups which included ( = 62) participants who identified as Black and female between the ages of 13 and 18 years old.

Applying a community-engaged participatory machine learning model.

Although predictive algorithms have been described as the definitive solution to bias in health care, machine learning techniques may also propagate existing health inequities within the community context. However, there may be ways in which machine learning techniques can help community psychologists, public health researchers and practitioners identify patterns in data in a way that empowers improved outcomes. Incorporating community insight in all stages of machine learning research mitigates bias by positioning members of underrepresented communities as the experts of their lived experiences.

HIV knowledge and protective factors among racial-ethnic minority youth: Moderation by Ethnic identity and LGBQ+ identity.

Due to systemic racism and homophobia, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Queer (LGBQ+) youth of color are disproportionately affected by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) / AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and viral hepatitis (VH). Innovative approaches that acknowledge strengths such as ethnic identity need to be examined to understand specific protective factors that can support LGBQ+ youth of color. This study aimed to examine the moderating effects of ethnic identity and LGBQ+ identity on indicators of HIV knowledge (i.

A Qualitative Exploration on Risk and Protective Factors of Substance Use Among Black Adolescent Girls.

Objective: While Black adolescent girls use drugs at much lower rates than White and Hispanic girls, Black adolescent girls often have worse health outcomes due to drug use. This study seeks to highlight the voices of Black adolescent girls in order to understand their unique risk factors for substance use and misuse.

Methods: Utilizing the intersectionality and ecological systems theoretical frameworks, the research team conducted twelve focus groups among a sample of Black adolescent girls ( = 62) between the ages of 13-18 ( = 15.

Development of a Tool to Measure Student Perceptions of Equity and Inclusion in Medical Schools.

Importance: Creating an inclusive and equitable learning environment is a national priority. Nevertheless, data reflecting medical students' perception of the climate of equity and inclusion are limited.

Objective: To develop and validate an instrument to measure students' perceptions of the climate of equity and inclusion in medical school using data collected annually by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC).

Global Health Perspectives on Race in Research: Neocolonial Extraction and Local Marginalization.

Best practices in global health training prioritize leadership and engagement from investigators from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), along with conscientious community consultation and research that benefits local participants and autochthonous communities. However, well into the 20th century, international research and clinical care remain rife with paternalism, extractive practices, and racist ideation, with race presumed to explain vulnerability or protection from various diseases, despite scientific evidence for far more precise mechanisms for infectious disease. We highlight experiences in global research on health and illness among indigenous populations in LMICs, seeking to clarify what is both scientifically essential and ethically desirable in research with human subjects; we apply a critical view towards race and racism as historically distorting elements that must be acknowledged and overcome.

A mixed-methods assessment of off-duty police shootings in a media-curated database.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine rates of killings perpetrated by off-duty police and news coverage of those killings, by victim race and gender, and to qualitatively evaluate the contexts in which those killings occur.

Data Sources And Study Setting: We used the Mapping Police Violence database to curate a dataset of killings perpetrated by off-duty police (2013-2021, N = 242). We obtained data from Media Cloud to assess news coverage of each off-duty police-perpetrated killing.

Resculpting Professionalism for Equity and Accountability.

Recent controversies over the characteristics of "professionalism" and its enforcement by medical educators underscore the racialized and gendered norms implicit in this practice. In this essay, we describe the ways nebulous definitions of "professionalism" imbue White, cisgender, straight, and able-bodied standards to police the boundaries of belonging in medicine. As such, marginalized trainees remain unfinished sculptures, forced to chisel away dimensions of experience and expression to conform to "professional" standards.

Variation in Research Experiences and Publications During Medical School by Sex and Race and Ethnicity.

Importance: Diverse research teams are critical to solving complex health problems and producing high-quality medical research.

Objective: To examine the associations of student sex and racial and ethnic identity with publication rates during medical school.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cohort study assessed individual-level data of US MD graduates from medical school who matriculated in academic years 2014 to 2015 and 2015 to 2016.

Race-based medicine in the point-of-care clinical resource UpToDate: A systematic content analysis.

Background: Race-based practices in medical education and clinical care may exacerbate health inequities. Misguided use of race in popular point-of-care clinical decision-making tools like UpToDate® may promote harmful practices of race-based medicine. This article investigates the nature of mentions of Black/African American race in UpToDate®.

Sexual Behaviors Associated with HIV Transmission Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Young Adults: The Intersectional Role of Racism and Transphobia.

HIV prevalence and engagement in sexual behaviors associated with HIV transmission are high among transgender people of color. Per intersectionality, this disproportionate burden may be related to both interpersonal and structural racism and transphobia. The goal of this study was to estimate the association between interpersonal and structural discrimination and sexual behaviors among transgender and gender diverse (TGD) U.

Racial/Ethnic Segregation and Access to COVID-19 Testing: Spatial Distribution of COVID-19 Testing Sites in the Four Largest Highly Segregated Cities in the United States.

To quantify the relationship between the segregation of Black, Indigenous, and Latinx communities and COVID-19 testing sites in populous US cities. We mapped testing sites as of June 2020 in New York City; Chicago, Illinois; Los Angeles, California; and Houston, Texas; we applied Bayesian methods to estimate the association between testing site location and the proportion of the population that is Black, Latinx, or Indigenous per block group, the smallest unit for which the US Census collects sociodemographic data. In New York City, Chicago, and Houston, the expected number of testing sites decreased by 1.

Health Equity Tourism: Ravaging the Justice Landscape.

As the long-standing and ubiquitous racial inequities of the United States reached national attention, the public health community has witnessed the rise of "health equity tourism". This phenomenon is the process of previously unengaged investigators pivoting into health equity research without developing the necessary scientific expertise for high-quality work. In this essay, we define the phenomenon and provide an explanation of the antecedent conditions that facilitated its development.

Conceptualizing, Contextualizing, and Operationalizing Race in Quantitative Health Sciences Research.

Differences in health outcomes across racial groups are among the most commonly reported findings in health disparities research. Often, these studies do not explicitly connect observed disparities to mechanisms of systemic racism that drive adverse health outcomes among racialized and other marginalized groups in the United States. Without this connection, investigators inadvertently support harmful narratives of biologic essentialism or cultural inferiority that pathologize racial identities and inhibit health equity.

Characterizing Health Inequities for the U.S. Transgender Hispanic Population Using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

This study aims to describe health inequities experienced by transgender Hispanic (TH) individuals in the United States. This retrospective case-control study used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from 2014 to 2018. Propensity score matching and logistic and negative binomial regression were used to compare TH survey respondents with other relevant populations across the following outcomes: health care access, health risk factors, self-reported chronic conditions, and perceived health status.

The Association of Microaggressions with Depressive Symptoms and Institutional Satisfaction Among a National Cohort of Medical Students.

Background: Despite substantial research on medical student mistreatment, there is scant quantitative data on microaggressions in US medical education.

Objective: To assess US medical students' experiences of microaggressions and how these experiences influenced students' mental health and medical school satisfaction.

Design And Participants: We conducted a cross-sectional, online survey of US medical students' experiences of microaggressions.

"We've Got Our Own Beliefs, Attitudes, Myths": A Mixed Methods Assessment of Rural South African Health Care Workers' Knowledge of and Attitudes Towards PrEP Implementation.

South Africa maintains the world's largest HIV prevalence, accounting for 20.4% of people living with HIV internationally. HIV Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has demonstrated efficacy; however, there is limited data on PrEP implementation in South Africa, particularly in rural areas.

Confronting Structural Racism in the Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in the United States.

Tuberculosis incidence in the United States is declining, yet projections indicate that we will not eliminate tuberculosis in the 21st century. Incidence rates in regions serving the rural and urban poor, including recent immigrants, are well above the national average. People experiencing incarceration and homelessness represent additional key populations.

Racial inequity in fatal US police shootings, 2015-2020.

Introduction: Violent encounters with police represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA, especially among Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour (BIPOC). This study characterises trends in fatal police shootings overall and by armed status and quantifies inequities in mortality burden and years of life lost (YLL) across racial/ethnic groups.

Methods: Longitudinal study of data on fatal police shootings in the USA using generalised linear-mixed models to capture trends with time and relative rates.

A gay Nigerian man's journey to asylum in the USA.

We report the case of an individual from Nigeria seeking asylum in the USA on the basis of persecution for being gay, who was physically and sexually assaulted in Nigeria and detained upon arrival to the USA. We present physical examination findings and the results of a brief mental health evaluation performed at Elizabeth Detention Center in New Jersey for his asylum evaluation. Individuals are able to seek asylum as members of a "particular social group", in this case, being gay.