Analysis of star promoter in common carp and catfish testis: Role of c-jun and its association with testicular function as a transcription factor.

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (Star) is a key factor that predominantly mediates the rate-limiting step of steroidogenesis which involved in the translocation of cholesterol from the outer to inner mitochondrial membrane in most of the vertebrates. To understand the transcriptional regulation of star (star1) in fish, the 5' upstream region of the star was cloned from both common carp and catfish genomic libraries and in silico promoter motif analysis predicted putative binding sites of C-jun, AP-1, Gata2, and Oct1 in common carp while C-jun, Gata1, Gata2, and Oct1 binding sites were predicted in star promoter of catfish. Luciferase reporter assay through sequential deletion constructs in TM3 cells revealed significantly high promoter activity (P < 0.

Cloning and expression profiling of peptide YY in the brain of common carp, Cyprinus carpio.

Peptide YY (PYY) is an anorectic brain-gut pancreatic peptide that helps in feeding regulation by reducing appetite and is well characterized in mammals. The role of PYY in relation to brain is least studied in mammals as well as in lower vertebrates including fish, however high expression was evident in male reproductive tissue. In this regard, this study attempts to evaluate the significance of PYY in the brain of common carp, Cyprinus carpio.

MPTP induces neurodegeneration by modulating dopaminergic activity in catfish brain.

Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) is an allosteric rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine (CA) biosynthesis. The CAs, dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine are important neurotransmitters wherein DA contributes a key role in the central nervous system of vertebrates. The present study evaluated DA and Th's significance in DA-ergic activity and neurodegeneration upon 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) exposure in catfish.

Exposure of carbon nanotubes affects testis and brain of common carp.

Carbon nanotubes production has been rapidly increasing for many potential applications, however, the environmental impact of this nanomaterial needs to be comprehended. The present work focused on unraveling the effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The physicochemical properties of SWCNT were analyzed with X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infra-red, UV-Vis absorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy before testing for exposure impact.

sox19 regulates ovarian steroidogenesis in common carp.

In teleost, ovarian steroidogenesis governed by the neuroendocrine system is also regulated by several transcription factors of gonadal origin. Investigating the synchronized interactions between the transcriptional and the hormonal factors is vital to comprehend the mechanisms that lead to gonadal differentiation. This study signifies the role of sry-related box (sox) 19 in ovarian steroidogenesis regulation of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio.

Advances in Reproductive Endocrinology and Neuroendocrine Research Using Catfish Models.

Catfishes, belonging to the order siluriformes, represent one of the largest groups of freshwater fishes with more than 4000 species and almost 12% of teleostean population. Due to their worldwide distribution and diversity, catfishes are interesting models for ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Incidentally, catfish emerged as an excellent animal model for aquaculture research because of economic importance, availability, disease resistance, adaptability to artificial spawning, handling, culture, high fecundity, hatchability, hypoxia tolerance and their ability to acclimate to laboratory conditions.

Sex Determination and Differentiation in Teleost: Roles of Genetics, Environment, and Brain.

The fish reproductive system is a complex biological system. Nonetheless, reproductive organ development is conserved, which starts with sex determination and then sex differentiation. The sex of a teleost is determined and differentiated from bipotential primordium by genetics, environmental factors, or both.

Interactive role of Wnt signaling and Zn in regulating testicular function of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio.

Wnt signaling is conserved among all species and plays a significant role in various cellular processes including reproduction. The present study identified significant involvement of wnt4a, wnt5b, and wnt8a signaling in the testicular growth of common carp,Cyprinus carpio. Predominant expression of wnt4a, wnt5b, and wnt8a was found in the gonads and Wnt4a was localized in spermatocytes and interstitial cells.

Role of sox30 in regulating testicular steroidogenesis of common carp.

Expression of transcription factors is crucial for the regulation of steroidogenesis and gonadal development in fish. SRY-related box (SOX) proteins regulate gene expression of various events related to vertebrate reproduction. This study reports the role of sox30 and its influence on sox9a/b in regulating testicular steroidogenesis of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio.

Controlled release of sex steroids through osmotic pump alters brain GnRH1 and catecholaminergic system dimorphically in the catfish, Clarias gariepinus.

The present study aimed to evaluate osmotic pump-mediated controlled release of estrogen in males and androgen in females to analyze the impact on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH1), catecholamines (CAs) and other associated genes in the catfish, Clarias gariepinus. During pre-spawning phase, catfish were separately implanted osmotic pumps loaded with 17β-estradiol (E) in males and 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) in females at a dose of 10 μg/100 μl or saline (100 μl) controls into both sexes to release for 21 days and all fishes were maintained as per the duration. Further, GnRH1 expression levels were analysed in the discrete regions of brain after E and MT treatments in male and female catfish, respectively using qPCR which revealed that GnRH1 expression was significantly higher in E treated male as compared to the control.

Common carp pentraxin gene: Evidence for its role in ovarian differentiation and growth.

Pentraxins (PTX), belong to an evolutionarily conserved family, containing a PTX protein domain, having role in acute immunological responses and fertility in higher vertebrates. However, information regarding the action of ptx on reproduction is extremely limited in fish. To study this, ptx cDNA was cloned for downstream analysis.

Steroidogenesis and its regulation in teleost-a review.

Steroid hormones modulate several important biological processes like metabolism, stress response, and reproduction. Steroidogenesis drives reproductive function wherein development and differentiation of undifferentiated gonads into testis or ovary, and their growth and maturation, are regulated. Steroidogenesis occurs in gonadal and non-gonadal tissues like head kidney, liver, intestine, and adipose tissue in teleosts.

Identification, expression profiling and localization of thoc in common carp ovary: Influence of thoc3-siRNA transient silencing.

THO complex is a multisubunit family with a function in transcription and mRNA export. In the present study, transcripts of THO complex (thoc) were identified in developing ovary of common carp and their role during ovarian development and growth has been characterized for the first time in a teleost using expression profiling and transient siRNA silencing. Thoc expression revealed a spatiotemporal pattern in the gonads with high levels at 120 days post-hatch, with moderately high levels thereafter.

Podophyllotoxin and Rutin Modulate M1 (iNOS+) Macrophages and Mitigate Lethal Radiation (LR) Induced Inflammatory Responses in Mice.

Accidental exposure to lethal doses of Gamma radiation leads to the systemic inflammatory syndrome which causes mortality. In view of this, management of hemopoietic syndrome by modulating pro-inflammatory response in clinically manageable time period seems to be the most appropriate strategy for encountering radiation induced damage and recovery. As both tissue and peripheral macrophages are critical for the management of radiation induced injuries, we have unraveled the immunomodulatory potential of radioprotective formulation (G-003M) on peripheral macrophages populations in this study.

Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and zinc sulfate on the testis of common carp, Cyprinus carpio.

The present study analyzed the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO) in the testis of six-month-old common carp Cyprinus carpio exposed to three different doses, viz., 10, 50, and 100 μg/L for 21 days. Characterization of ZnO-NPs was done after sonication, the size and shape of ZnO-NPs were determined as ∼20-30 nm spherical structure measured zeta potential of +26.

Enterotoxic effects of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in the catfish, Clarias gariepinus: Biochemical, histological and proteome analyses.

Aeromonas hydrophila is considered as a potential risk to fish populations in the aquaculture industry and could also pose a serious threat to humans. In this study, the impact of A. hydrophila infection in the air-breathing catfish, Clarias gariepinus was analyzed using a multidimensional approach.

Gonadal transcriptome analysis of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio: Identification of differentially expressed genes and SSRs.

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a world-wide freshwater fish of eutrophic waters. C. carpio, have various reproductive traits, including early sexual maturity, that may make them excellent, large, realistic, aquaculture model species.

GDNF family receptor α-1 in the catfish: Possible implication to brain dopaminergic activity.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)is a potent trophic factor that preferentially binds to GDNF family receptor α-1 (GFRα-1)by regulating dopaminergic (DA-ergic) neuronsin brain. Present study aimed to evaluate the significance of GFRα-1 expression during early brain development in catfish. Initially, the full-length cDNA of GFRα-1 was cloned from adult brain which showed high homology with other vertebrate counterparts.

Larval Mid-Gut Responses to Sub-Lethal Dose of Cry Toxin in Lepidopteran Pest .

The lack of homogeneity in field application of formulation often results in ingestion of sub-lethal doses of the biopesticide by a fraction of pest population and there by promotes the toxin tolerance and resistance in long term. Gut regeneration seems to be one of the possible mechanism by which this is accomplished. However, the existing information is primarily derived from studies using mid-gut cell cultures.

Cloning, localization and differential expression of Neuropeptide-Y during early brain development and gonadal recrudescence in the catfish, Clarias gariepinus.

Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) has diverse physiological functions which are extensively studied in vertebrates. However, regulatory role of NPY in relation to brain ontogeny and recrudescence with reference to reproduction is less understood in fish. Present report for the first time evaluated the significance of NPY by transient esiRNA silencing and also analyzed its expression during brain development and gonadal recrudescence in the catfish, Clarias gariepinus.

Expression of wnt4/5 during reproductive cycle of catfish and wnt5 promoter analysis.

Signaling molecules, Wnt4 and Wnt5, are essential for ovarian growth during developmental stages in mammals. Although these molecules were identified in several teleosts, their precise expression and role in reproductive processes have not yet been explored in any lower vertebrates. In view of this, using catfish, Clarias batrachus as an animal model, cloning and expression analysis of wnt4 and wnt5 were analyzed in different tissues, at various developmental stages, during ovarian reproductive cycle and after gonadotropin induction.

Involvement of pax2 in ovarian development and recrudescence of catfish: a role in steroidogenesis.

PAX2, a member of paired box family, is an essential transcription factor for the organ development in vertebrates including teleosts, yet no evidence has been shown for its involvement in reproduction. To study this, partial- and/or full-length cDNA of pax2 was isolated from the ovary of catfish, Clarias batrachus, along with its other Pax family members, pax1 and pax9 Tissue distribution and ontogeny expression analysis indicated the prevalence of pax2 but not pax1 and pax9 in ovary. Varied phase-wise expression during ovarian cycle and elevation of pax2 after human chorionic gonadotropin induction showed probable regulation by gonadotropins.

In vivo induction of human chorionic gonadotropin by osmotic pump advances sexual maturation during pre-spawning phase in adult catfish.

Gonadal maturation is a critical event wherein gonads, under the influence of several hormones and factors, undergo cyclic morphological and physiological changes to produce functional gametes during the spawning phase. However, artificial induction can be effectively used to advance the maturation of gonad vis-à-vis spawning like behavior in seasonal breeders during the off-breeding season. In the present study, osmotic pumps loaded with 5000IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or saline as control were implanted intraperitoneally for 21days during the pre-spawning phase (May-June) in catfish Clarias batrachus and C.