Spatial and single-cell transcriptomics reveal keratinocytes as key players in vulvar lichen sclerosus pathogenesis.

Vulvar diseases are a neglected area of women's health, profoundly affecting patients' quality of life. Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory vulvar skin disorder leading to severe itching, pain, scarring, and an increased risk of malignancy. Despite this burden, the molecular pathogenesis of vulvar LS (VLS) is not well understood, limiting treatment options.

ESR Essentials: lung cancer screening with low-dose CT-practice recommendations by the European Society of Thoracic Imaging.

Low-dose CT screening for lung cancer reduces the risk of death from lung cancer by at least 21% in high-risk participants and should be offered to people aged between 50 and 75 with at least 20 pack-years of smoking. Iterative reconstruction or deep learning algorithms should be used to keep the effective dose below 1 mSv. Deep learning algorithms are required to facilitate the detection of nodules and the measurement of their volumetric growth.

A basophil-fibroblast pro-inflammatory axis fuels type 2 skin inflammation.

Chronic inflammatory skin diseases arise from dysregulated interactions between tissue-resident and infiltrating cells, the complexity of which hinders disease understanding and treatment. To address this, here, we present a single-cell spatiotemporal atlas of murine type 2 skin inflammation using MERFISH and scRNA-seq. Analyzing ∼430,000 cells during MC903- and oxazolone-induced dermatitis, we identify 39 cell types, including pro-inflammatory fibroblasts that resemble those in human atopic dermatitis.

Performance of volume and diameter thresholds in malignancy prediction of solid nodules in lung cancer screening.

Background: Prospective validation and comparison of the performance of nodule management protocols is limited. The aim of this study was to examine the performance of size and risk thresholds for assessing malignancy in solid nodules at baseline low-dose CT (LDCT) in a lung cancer screening (LCS) programme.

Methods: This was an observational study using data from the SUMMIT Study, a prospective longitudinal study investigating LDCT for LCS.

Incidence rate and malignancy risk in new nodules in a lung cancer screening programme.

Introduction: There is limited evidence for the malignancy risk posed by new nodules appearing at annual screening rounds or at short-term interval nodule follow-up (NFU) CTs in lung cancer screening programmes. We investigated incidence rate and malignancy risk in new nodules appearing at NFU and at first annual CT in a screening cohort and investigated nodule and participant characteristics which predicted malignancy.

Methods: 11,566 participants underwent baseline CT screening between April 2019 and April 2020.

Impact of Low-Dose Computed Tomography Findings on Cigarette Smoking Cessation Among High-Risk Adults Participating in Lung Cancer Screening.

Introduction: Integrating effective smoking cessation strategies for individuals undergoing lung cancer screening stands to significantly increase the impact of lung screening programmes. We assessed the impact of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) findings on smoking cessation among high-risk adults who currently smoked.

Aims And Methods: 13 035 individuals, aged 55-77 years, attended a lung health check appointment, as part of a prospective observational cohort study (the SUMMIT Study), prior to undergoing a baseline LDCT scan.

Low-dose CT for lung cancer screening in a high-risk population (SUMMIT): a prospective, longitudinal cohort study.

Background: Low-dose CT screening reduces lung cancer mortality. In advance of planned national lung cancer screening programmes, research is needed to inform policies regarding implementation. We aimed to assess the implementation of low-dose CT for lung cancer screening in a high-risk population and to validate a multicancer early detection blood test.

Improving uptake of lung cancer screening: an observational study on the impact of timed appointments and reminders.

Lung cancer screening (LCS) reduces lung cancer-related mortality; however, uptake remains low compared with other cancer screening programmes. In this observational study, we report the impact of timed appointments and reminders on participation in our regional LCS programme.Initial uptake of timed appointments was 53.

Protocol for a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis for risk factors for lung cancer in individuals with lung nodules identified by low-dose CT screening.

Background: Worldwide, lung cancer (LC) is the second most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer related mortality. Low-dose CT (LDCT) screening reduced LC mortality by 20-24% in randomised trials of high-risk populations. A significant proportion of those screened have nodules detected that are found to be benign.

Quality assurance in lung cancer screening.

The effectiveness of screening programmes is critically dependent on the accuracy of the screening test. Where this relies on clinical expertise, there is an imperative to assure that the level of expertise meets expected standards. In cancer screening involving images, the focus is on the reader.

Mean global field power is reduced in infantile epileptic spasms syndrome after response to vigabatrin.

Purpose: Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) is associated with abnormal neuronal networks during a critical period of synaptogenesis and brain plasticity. Hypsarrhythmia is a visual EEG biomarker used to diagnose IESS, assess response to treatment, and monitor relapse. Computational EEG biomarkers hold promise in providing unbiased, reliable, and objective criteria for clinical management.

Enhancing cancer prediction in challenging screen-detected incident lung nodules using time-series deep learning.

Lung cancer screening (LCS) using annual computed tomography (CT) scanning significantly reduces mortality by detecting cancerous lung nodules at an earlier stage. Deep learning algorithms can improve nodule malignancy risk stratification. However, they have typically been used to analyse single time point CT data when detecting malignant nodules on either baseline or incident CT LCS rounds.

Bioinspiration and biomimetics in marine robotics: a review on current applications and future trends.

Over the past few years, the research community has witnessed a burgeoning interest in biomimetics, particularly within the marine sector. The study of biomimicry as a revolutionary remedy for numerous commercial and research-based marine businesses has been spurred by the difficulties presented by the harsh maritime environment. Biomimetic marine robots are at the forefront of this innovation by imitating various structures and behaviors of marine life and utilizing the evolutionary advantages and adaptations these marine organisms have developed over millennia to thrive in harsh conditions.

Determining the impact of an artificial intelligence tool on the management of pulmonary nodules detected incidentally on CT (DOLCE) study protocol: a prospective, non-interventional multicentre UK study.

Introduction: In a small percentage of patients, pulmonary nodules found on CT scans are early lung cancers. Lung cancer detected at an early stage has a much better prognosis. The British Thoracic Society guideline on managing pulmonary nodules recommends using multivariable malignancy risk prediction models to assist in management.

Simple demographic, laboratory and chest radiograph variables can identify COVID-19 patients with pulmonary thromboembolism: a retrospective multicentre United Kingdom study.

Objectives: To (1) identify discriminatory demographic, laboratory and initial CXR findings; (2) explore correlation between D-dimer and radiographic severity scores; and (3) assess accuracy of published D-dimer thresholds to identify pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) in COVID-19 patients.

Methods: Retrospective study including all COVID-19 patients admitted from 1st to 30th April 2020 meeting inclusion criteria from 25 (blinded) hospitals. Demographics, blood results, CXR and CTPA findings were compared between positive and negative PTE cohorts using uni- and multivariable logistic regression.

Combination of BAL and Computed Tomography Differentiates Progressive and Non-progressive Fibrotic Lung Diseases.

Identifying patients with pulmonary fibrosis (PF) at risk of progression can guide management. To explore the utility of combining baseline BAL and computed tomography (CT) in differentiating progressive and nonprogressive PF. The derivation cohort consisted of incident cases of PF for which BAL was performed as part of a diagnostic workup.

Prevalence and clinical characteristics of non-malignant CT detected incidental findings in the SUMMIT lung cancer screening cohort.

Background: Pulmonary and extrapulmonary incidental findings are frequently identified on CT scans performed for lung cancer screening. Uncertainty regarding their clinical significance and how and when such findings should be reported back to clinicians and participants persists. We examined the prevalence of non-malignant incidental findings within a lung cancer screening cohort and investigated the morbidity and relevant risk factors associated with incidental findings.

The Use of Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing and Spatial Transcriptomics in Understanding the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Skin Diseases.

The development of multiomic profiling tools has rapidly expanded in recent years, along with their use in profiling skin tissues in various contexts, including dermatologic diseases. Among these tools, single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics (ST) have emerged as widely adopted and powerful assays for elucidating key cellular components and their spatial arrangement within skin disease. In this paper, we review the recent biological insights gained from the use of scRNA-seq and ST and the advantages of combining both for profiling skin diseases, including aberrant wound healing, inflammatory skin diseases, and cancer.

Culture-negative sepsis after pediatric cardiac surgery: Incidence and outcomes.

Background: Significant proportion of congenital heart surgery (CHS) children exhibit sepsis, but have negative blood culture and defined "culture negative sepsis (CNS)."

Aims And Objectives: Retrospective analysis of CNS patients undergoing CHS.

Material And Methods: 437 consecutive CHS children grouped as controls (antibiotic prophylaxis), CNS, and culture positive sepsis (CPS).