Knowledge, attitude and practice of the caregivers regarding immunization in under-5 children in rural Bihar, India.

Background: The perception of caregivers on immunization is of paramount importance to combat -childhood morbidity, mortality and disability.

Objective: This study was conducted to find knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of caregivers on immunization of under-5 aged children of rural Bihar.

Method: A mixed-methods study was conducted at the outpatients departments of rural medical college from November 2023 to October 2024 among 384 caregivers of under-5 children using a pretested questionnaire to evaluate KAP on immunization.

Integration of Nanoengineering with Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for the Development of Advanced Biosensing Platforms.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as a powerful tool for biomedical diagnosis, combining heightened sensitivity with molecular precision. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has further elevated its capabilities, refining data interpretation, pattern prediction and bolstering diagnostic accuracy. This review chronicles advancements in SERS diagnostics, emphasizing the collaboration between ML and innovative nanostructures, substrates, and nanoprobes for SERS enhancement.

Effect of Red Blood Cell Storage Duration on Cerebral Blood Oxygenation in Elective Cranial Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study.

Background: The clinical significance of storage-related changes in packed red blood cells (PRBCs), termed "storage lesions," remains controversial. These biochemical and structural alterations may affect oxygen delivery, particularly in patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures, where cerebral oxygenation is critical. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of PRBC storage duration on cerebral oxygenation and neurological outcomes in patients undergoing elective neuro-oncological surgery.

Adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure induces sex-specific and time-dependent changes in affective behaviors and metabolomic profiles.

Unlabelled: Given the adverse effects of adolescent binge alcohol consumption in humans, the present work explores the lasting behavioral and metabolomic impacts following adolescent binge ethanol exposure. Here we determine short- and long-term changes in affective behaviors and metabolomic profiles in male and female adolescent binge ethanol-exposed mice. Male and female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) as a model of binge ethanol exposure using intermittent vapor inhalation from postnatal day (PND) 28-42.

M1 Macrophage-Derived Extracellular Particles Induce Cell Death in MDA-MB-231 Cells.

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a leading cause of female mortality worldwide, presents a treatment challenge due to the lack of targeted receptors. Macrophages, recognized for their role in the immune response, provide a promising avenue for cancer research. Given that macrophages secrete extracellular particles (EPs), which have been implicated in biological processes, including intercellular communication and immune modulation, it is hypothesized that EPs derived from macrophages could have potential anticancer effects.

Sericin as a next-generation biomaterial: Properties, applications, and future prospects.

Sericin, a natural protein extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons, has attracted increasing scientific interest for its distinctive chemical composition and broad pharmacological activities. Historically utilized in traditional medicine, sericin is now recognized for its diverse therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial activities. Silk sericin is an emerging biopolymer of growing interest in medicine and biotechnology due to its multifunctional bioactivities and formulation versatility.

Cathepsin B Regulates Ovarian Reserve Quality and Quantity via Mitophagy by Modulating IGF1R Turnover.

The quality and quantity of the ovarian reserve are meticulously regulated through various cell death pathways to guarantee the availability of high-quality oocytes for fertilization. While apoptosis is recognized for contributing to maintaining ovarian reserve, the involvement of other cell death pathways remains unclear. Employing chemical genetics and proteomics, this study reveals the crucial involvement of Cathepsin B in maintaining the ovarian reserve.

A rare case of pineal astrocytoma with hemorrhagic changes: Diagnostic and surgical challenges.

Pineal astrocytoma is an uncommon central nervous system tumor, presenting diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to its deep-seated location and nonspecific clinical features. This case report describes a 37-year-old female who presented with altered sensorium, persistent headache, and projectile vomiting for 20 days. Initial examination revealed stable vitals and a reduced Glasgow Coma Scale score, necessitating immediate intubation.

A case report unveiling spindle cell lipoma.

Spindle cell lipoma (SCL) represents an infrequent subtype of lipoma distinguished by its distinctive histopathological characteristics and tendency to localize in the subcutaneous tissues of the upper back, neck, and shoulder regions. In this report, we describe an unusual instance of SCL manifesting in the cervical area of a 62-year-old female individual. The patient exhibited a progressively enlarging painless mass situated in the left supraclavicular region for 8 years.

Cerebellopontine angle epidermoid cyst masquerading as trigeminal neuralgia: A rare presentation and surgical outcome.

Cerebellopontine (CP) angle epidermoid cysts are rare, benign, slow-growing intracranial lesions that arise from ectodermal inclusions during embryogenesis. They often present with symptoms caused by compression of adjacent structures, with trigeminal neuralgia being an uncommon presentation. A 19-year-old female presented with a 1-month history of tingling sensation on the right side of her face.

Surface Functionalization of Citrate-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles with Various Disease-Specific Nonthiolated Aptamers: RSM-Based Optimization for Multifactorial Disease Biomarker Detection.

This study focuses on the surface functionalization of citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with disease-specific aptamers to enhance the detection of multifactorial disease (MD) biomarkers. MDs, characterized by complex pathophysiology involving multiple genetic and environmental factors, present significant diagnostic challenges. Aptamers, which are short, single-stranded oligonucleotides with high specificity and affinity for target molecules, have emerged as promising tools for biomarker detection.

Cerebral hemiatrophy unveiled: An in-depth radiological perspective on the diagnosis and clinical implications of Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome.

Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome (DDMS) is a rare neurological condition characterized by unilateral cerebral atrophy and compensatory cranial changes. It typically presents with a constellation of clinical features, including seizures, developmental delays, and hemiparesis, resulting from early brain injury or developmental anomalies. Radiological imaging, particularly Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), plays a pivotal role in diagnosing DDMS by providing detailed visualization of the structural abnormalities and associated compensatory changes.

Chronic headache and obstructive hydrocephalus: A case of pilocytic astrocytoma in the third ventricle with detailed radiological and histopathological findings.

Pilocytic astrocytoma is a benign, slow-growing tumor classified as a WHO Grade I glioma, commonly affecting children and young adults. This case highlights the clinical, radiological, and histopathological features of a third-ventricle pilocytic astrocytoma and its management through endoscopic resection. An 18-year-old female presented with a one-year history of generalized headache, aggravated over the past month.

Isolated splenic involvement in hydatid disease: A case report.

Isolated involvement of spleen in hydatid disease is relatively uncommon occurrence. The spleen ranks as the third most frequently affected organ in this condition, liver primarily being the most commonly affected. When the disease manifests in the spleen, it typically presents with nonspecific symptoms, complicating the diagnostic process for healthcare professionals.

α-tocopherol deficiency in follicular ovarian cyst (FOCs) follicular fluid (FF) elevates oxidative stress and impairs oocyte maturation.

Follicular ovarian cysts (FOCs) are prevalent reproductive disorders in both humans and animals, especially in livestock, where they cause economic losses by reducing fertility and productivity. FOCs are marked by a dominant follicle that fails to ovulate, disrupting the estrous cycle and reproductive efficiency. Previous studies indicate that the follicular fluid (FF) in cystic ovaries shows oxidative imbalance, affecting oocyte quality by altering glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) and selenium pathways.

``Prenatally diagnosed gastroschisis: A case report''.

Gastroschisis represents a congenital malformation characterized by the herniation of abdominal contents through a defect in the abdominal wall, predominantly situated to the right of the umbilical cord. The defect is characterized by the absence of a covering membrane, resulting in the free floating of extruded abdominal contents. Major complications associated with this condition include stillbirth, preterm delivery, and intrauterine growth restriction.

The Potential for Extracellular Vesicles in Nanomedicine: A Review of Recent Advancements and Challenges Ahead.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising tools in diagnostics and therapy for chronic diseases, including cancer and Alzheimer's. Small EVs, also called exosomes, are lipid-bound particles (≈30-150 nm) that play a role in healthy and pathophysiological interactions, including intercellular communication, by transporting bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Their ability to cross biological barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier, makes them ideal candidates for targeted therapeutic interventions.

Challenging the giant: A case report on a huge sacrococcygeal chordoma and its radiological insights.

Sacral chordoma is a rare osseous tumor of malignant origin. Remnants of the notochord in the region of sacrum and coccyx is said to be the origin of these tumors. Patients generally have delayed presentation, which is responsible for larger tumor size.

Venolymphatic malformation (VLM) manifestation in the knee: An uncommon encounter.

An uncommon congenital disorder known as venolymphatic malformation (VLM) of the knee develops from improper venous and lymphatic system development. It is a specific kind of vascular abnormality that affects lymphatic and veins, causing abnormal growth and dilation of these vessels. These types of malformations do not directly connect to the main channels but instead appear as swelling or other characteristic features depending on the specific type of malformation.

A rare case of solitary intraosseous neurofibroma of the mandible with radiological insights.

Neurofibromas (NF), rare benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors, are typically linked to neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). This case report presents a rare instance of a neurofibroma located in the mandible of a 12-year-old male patient, who presented with localized swelling and discomfort in the lower jaw. Clinical examination revealed a firm, nontender mass on palpation.

Au-Coated ZnO Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Substrates: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Exosome Detection.

Developing a biomolecular detection method that minimizes photodamage while preserving an environment suitable for biological constituents to maintain their physiological state is expected to drive new diagnostic and mechanistic breakthroughs. In addition, ultra-sensitive diagnostic platforms are needed for rapid and point-of-care technologies for various diseases. Considering this, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is proposed as a non-destructive and sensitive approach to address the limitations of fluorescence, electrochemical, and other optical detection techniques.

A Comprehensive Review on the Role of MRI in the Assessment of Supratentorial Neoplasms: Comparative Insights Into Adult and Pediatric Cases.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a critical diagnostic tool in assessing supratentorial neoplasms, offering unparalleled detail and specificity in brain imaging. Supratentorial neoplasms in the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, thalamus, and other structures above the tentorium cerebelli present significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. These challenges vary notably between adult and pediatric populations due to differences in tumor types, biological behavior, and patient management strategies.

Ovarian Torsion Leading to Necrosis: A Case Report of Acute Abdominal Pain in a 25-Year-Old Female.

Ovarian torsion is a critical gynecological emergency that presents with sudden-onset abdominal pain and requires immediate intervention to prevent irreversible ovarian damage. This case report describes a 25-year-old female who presented with acute right lower quadrant pain, which had escalated to excruciating levels over the past 45 minutes, accompanied by persistent nausea and vomiting. She had no fever, vaginal bleeding, or dysuria, and her urine pregnancy test was negative.

Role of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Evaluating Choline Levels in Gallbladder Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review.

Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) presents a significant clinical challenge due to its aggressive nature and often asymptomatic progression, resulting in late-stage diagnoses and a poor prognosis. Early detection and accurate staging are pivotal for improving patient outcomes, highlighting the critical role of advanced imaging techniques in oncological practice. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has emerged as a valuable non-invasive tool capable of assessing biochemical changes within tissues, including alterations in choline metabolism-a biomarker indicative of cell membrane turnover and proliferation.