Phytohormones and emerging plant growth regulators in tailoring plant immunity against viral infections.

Viral infections are major contributors to crop yield loss and represent a significant threat to sustainable agriculture. Plants respond to virus attacks by activating sophisticated signalling cascades that initiate multiple defence mechanisms. Notably, several phytohormones, including salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene (ET), are known to shape these defence responses.

P-type calcium ATPases play important roles in biotic and abiotic stress signaling.

Knowledge of Ca-ATPases is imperative for improving crop quality/ food security, highly threatened due to global warming. Ca-ATPases modulates calcium, essential for stress signaling and modulating growth, development, and immune activities. Calcium is considered a versatile secondary messenger and essential for short- and long-term responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants.

Physio-biochemical, agronomical, and gene expression analysis reveals different responsive approach to low nitrogen in contrasting rice cultivars for nitrogen use efficiency.

Background: Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development as it is an essential constituent of biomolecules. Its availability directly impacts crop yield. Increased N application in crop fields has caused environmental and health problems, and decreasing nitrogen inputs are in demand to maintain crop production sustainability.

An Insight into Animal Glutamate Receptors Homolog of and Their Potential Applications-A Review.

Most excitatory impulses received by neurons are mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These receptors are located at the apex and play an important role in memory, neuronal development, and synaptic plasticity. These receptors are ligand-dependent ion channels that allow a wide range of cations to pass through.

Hepatitis B among University Population: Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors, Knowledge Assessment, and Treatment Management.

Very few studies have been reported on hepatitis B in the State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan, and none of them are specific to the prevalence and causes of hepatitis B spread among educational institutes. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B infection and its associated risk factors among the University of AJ and K population. An observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study was conducted with 7015 students and employees.

Physiological, Agronomical, and Proteomic Studies Reveal Crucial Players in Rice Nitrogen Use Efficiency under Low Nitrogen Supply.

Excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers to enhance rice productivity has become a significant source of nitrogen (N) pollution and reduced sustainable agriculture. However, little information about the physiology of different growth stages, agronomic traits, and associated genetic bases of N use efficiency (NUE) are available at low-N supply. Two rice ( L.

Impact of Ferrous Sulfate on Thylakoidal Multiprotein Complexes, Metabolism and Defence of L. under Arsenic Stress.

Forty-day-old (var. Pusa Jai Kisan) plants were exposed to arsenic (As, 250 µM NaHAsO·7HO) stress. The ameliorative role of ferrous sulfate (2 mM, FeSO·7HO, herein FeSO) was evaluated at 7 days after treatment (7 DAT) and 14 DAT.

Detection and Quantification of Precious Elements in Astrophyllite Mineral by Optical Spectroscopy.

With many advantages over well-established methods, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has emerged as a useful analytical technique for the compositional analysis of multi-elemental geological materials. In this study, LIBS was employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of a rare mineral, astrophyllite, bearing precious elements of industrial and technological interest. The experiment was carried out using second harmonic generation of Nd:YAG laser of pulse width 5 ns and repetition rate of 10 Hz.

Designing and Development of FRET-Based Nanosensor for Real Time Analysis of N-Acetyl-5-Neuraminic Acid in Living Cells.

-acetyl-5-neuraminic acid (NeuAc) plays crucial role in improving the growth, brain development, brain health maintenance, and immunity enhancement of infants. Commercially, it is used in the production of antiviral drugs, infant milk formulas, cosmetics, dietary supplements, and pharmaceutical products. Because of the rapidly increasing demand, metabolic engineering approach has attracted increasing attention for NeuAc biosynthesis.

Ethylene reduces glucose sensitivity and reverses photosynthetic repression through optimization of glutathione production in salt-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Ethylene plays a crucial role throughout the life cycle of plants under optimal and stressful environments. The present study reports the involvement of exogenously sourced ethylene (as ethephon; 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) in the protection of the photosynthetic activity from glucose (Glu) sensitivity through its influence on the antioxidant system for adaptation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants under salt stress.

FRET-Based Genetically Encoded Nanosensor for Real-Time Monitoring of the Flux of α-Tocopherol in Living Cells.

Vitamin E plays an exemplary role in living organisms. α-Tocopherol is the most superior and active form of naturally occurring vitamin E that meets the requirements of human beings as it possesses the α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP). α-Tocopherol deficiency can lead to severe anemia, certain cancers, several neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, and most importantly male infertility.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of the Extracts of Different Parts of (Forssk.) Vierh.

Increased problems associated with side effects and bacterial resistance of chemical drugs has prompted the research focus on herbal medicines in the past few decades. In the present investigation, the antimicrobial activity of the various parts of (AM), a mangrove plant, has been evaluated. The plants were collected from the Jazan area of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Leveraging the Pathophysiological Alterations of Obstructive Nephropathy to Treat Renal Fibrosis by Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has wide prevalence globally that affects a considerable population and has renal fibrosis (RF) as a hallmark feature. RF is characterized by abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the interstitial space of renal tissue. There are only few studies where nanoparticles (NPs) were used for targeting the kidney mainly due to their size-dependent constraints.

Construction of a Nanosensor for Non-Invasive Imaging of Hydrogen Peroxide Levels in Living Cells.

Hydrogen peroxide (HO) serves fundamental regulatory functions in metabolism beyond the role as damage signal. During stress conditions, the level of HO increases in the cells and causes oxidative stress, which interferes with normal cell growth in plants and animals. The HO also acts as a central signaling molecule and regulates numerous pathways in living cells.

A Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Analytical Tool for Nitrate Quantification in Living Cells.

Nitrate (NO ) is a critical source of nitrogen (N) available to microorganisms and plants. Nitrate sensing activates signaling pathways in the plant system that impinges upon, developmental, molecular, metabolic, and physiological responses locally, and globally. To sustain, the high crop productivity and high nutritional value along with the sustainable environment, the study of rate-controlling steps of a metabolic network of N assimilation through fluxomics becomes an attractive strategy.

Metabolite Profiling and Network Analysis Reveal Coordinated Changes in Low-N Tolerant and Low-N Sensitive Maize Genotypes under Nitrogen Deficiency and Restoration Conditions.

Nitrogen (N), applied in the form of a nitrogenous fertilizer, is one of the main inputs for agricultural production. Food production is closely associated with the application of N. However, the application of nitrogenous fertilizers to agricultural fields is associated with heavy production of nitrous oxide because agricultural crops can only utilize 30-40% of applied N, leaving behind unused 60-70% N in the environment.

Designing and construction of genetically encoded FRET-based nanosensor for qualitative analysis of digoxin.

Nanobiotechnological improvements defined on the utilization of biological materials and principles have enormously partaken to revolutionize physical, chemical, and biological sciences. However, the exploration of plant nanobiotechnology is still in its outset. The search for novel tools to monitor plant biomolecules is an emerging issue for the nanobiotechnologists.

A Non-Invasive Tool for Real-Time Measurement of Sulfate in Living Cells.

Sulfur (S) is an essential element for all forms of life. It is involved in numerous essential processes because S is considered as the primary source of one of the essential amino acids, methionine, which plays an important role in biological events. For the control and regulation of sulfate in a metabolic network through fluxomics, a non-invasive tool is highly desirable that opens the door to monitor the level of the sulfate in real time and space in living cells without fractionation of the cells or tissue.

Metabolic Flux Analysis of Catechin Biosynthesis Pathways Using Nanosensor.

(+)-Catechin is an important antioxidant of green tea ( (L.) O. Kuntze).

Low nitrogen stress regulates chlorophyll fluorescence in coordination with photosynthesis and Rubisco efficiency of rice.

Nitrogen (N) is the basis of plant growth and development and, is considered as one of the priming agents to elevate a range of stresses. Plants use solar radiations through photosynthesis, which amasses the assimilatory components of crop yield to meet the global demand for food. Nitrogen is the main regulator in the allocation of photosynthetic apparatus which changes of the photosynthesis (P) and quantum yield (F/F) of the plant.

Development of an In Vitro Propagation Protocol and a Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) Marker of Wall. ex Ging.

An efficient protocol of plant regeneration through indirect organogenesis in was developed in the present study. Culture of leaf explants on MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 6-benzyladenine and 0.

Real-time monitoring of glutathione in living cells using genetically encoded FRET-based ratiometric nanosensor.

Reduced glutathione (GSH) level inside the cell is a critical determinant for cell viability. The level of GSH varies across the cells, tissues and environmental conditions. However, our current understanding of physiological and pathological GSH changes at high spatial and temporal resolution is limited due to non-availability of practicable GSH-detection methods.

Real-Time Optical Detection of Isoleucine in Living Cells through a Genetically-Encoded Nanosensor.

Isoleucine is one of the branched chain amino acids that plays a major role in the energy metabolism of human beings and animals. However, detailed investigation of specific receptors for isoleucine has not been carried out because of the non-availability of a tool that can monitor the metabolic flux of this amino acid in live cells. This study presents a novel genetically-encoded nanosensor for real-time monitoring of isoleucine in living cells.

Reactive oxygen species detection-approaches in plants: Insights into genetically encoded FRET-based sensors.

The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (and their reaction products) in abiotic stressed plants can be simultaneous. Hence, it is very difficult to establish individual roles of ROS (and their reaction products) in plants particularly under abiotic stress conditions. It is highly imperative to detect ROS (and their reaction products) and ascertain their role in vivo and also to point their optimal level in order to unveil exact relation of ROS (and their reaction products) with the major components of ROS-controlling systems.

Construction and characterization of protein-based cysteine nanosensor for the real time measurement of cysteine level in living cells.

Cysteine plays a critical role in maintaining normal human metabolism, redox homeostasis, and immune regulation. Despite its functional versatility, cysteine metabolism in the human body is not well understood because of the lack of a robust tool for real-time measurement of cysteine at the cellular and sub-cellular level. In the present study, a genetically encoded nanosensor was developed using Cj0982 protein of Campylobacter jejuni, Enhanced Cyan Fluorescent Protein (ECFP) and Venus.