Novel Molecular Signatures of Peripheral Regulatory T Cells in Kidney Disease Associated With Type 1 Diabetes.

Background: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common complication of type 1 diabetes (T1D). T1D and some kidney disorders are often associated with abnormalities in regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, it is unknown if Treg subsets, and their molecular architecture are altered during the onset and progression of DKD in T1D.

Widening access to medicine: A realist review.

Introduction: Despite policy drivers and "on-the-ground" activity to encourage applicants from under-represented minority groups (URMs) into medicine, their representation remains limited because of the challenge of overcoming complex societal and systemic barriers. This realist review sought to review the existing literature to identify underlying CIMOs with respect to widening access (WA) to medical school.

Method: We conducted a realist literature review informed by Pawson's five iterative strategies and consistent with RAMESES standards.

Insulin for early glycaemic abnormality in children with cystic fibrosis without cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CF-IDEA): a randomised controlled trial.

Background: People with cystic fibrosis can have impaired insulin secretion and hyperglycaemia before meeting the diagnostic criteria for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Insulin therapy given to such patients was associated with improved weight and lung function in several small, uncontrolled trials but might increase treatment burden and cause hypoglycaemia. We aimed to assess whether insulin treatment improves weight and lung function when given to patients with cystic fibrosis with early glycaemic abnormality.

Diabetes Distress and Unmet Support Needs Hinder Optimal Care for Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes: A Mixed Methods Study.

Adolescents with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are more likely than those with type 1 diabetes (T1D) to develop complications soon after diagnosis. However, limited data exist about diabetes-specific distress (DD) and how diabetes teams can better support adolescents with T2D. We aimed to assess DD and other aspects of emotional/mental health among adolescents with T2D and qualitatively explore their lived experience and support needs.

"I Don't Want to Feel Judged": A Qualitative Study of Adolescents' Experiences of Living With Type 2 Diabetes.

Objectives: Our aim in this study was to explore adolescents' experiences of type 2 diabetes (T2D), particularly those concerning 1) diagnosis and management and 2) emotional well-being.

Methods: Participants, recruited from an Australian tertiary pediatric hospital, took part in a focus group or semistructured interview. Data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.

International evidence-based recommendations for polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents.

Background: During adolescence, accurate diagnostic criteria and/or identification of adolescents "at risk" of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are critical to establish appropriate screening, treatment, and lifelong health plans. The 2023 International Evidence-Based Guideline for PCOS aimed to provide the most up-to-date evidence-based recommendations to improve health outcomes for individuals with PCOS, emphasizing accurate and timely diagnosis of PCOS from adolescence.

Methods: The best practice methods following the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE-II) criteria were applied.

Correction of meta-analysis after retraction of article on the effects of anti-androgens in polycystic ovary syndrome.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.

ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2024: Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents.

Youth-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) results from genetic, environmental, and metabolic causes that differ among individuals and populations. This chapter builds on the 2022 ISPAD guidelines and summarizes recent advances in the management of T2D in children and adolescents. Updates include diagnostic algorithm for youth with new onset T2D, algorithms and tables for treatment, management, and assessment of comorbidities and complications and recommendations on recently approved pharmacologic therapies for the treatment of youth-onset T2D and management strategies.

Virtual Multiple Mini Interviews: Implementation and evaluation for undergraduate medical, dental, and oral health degrees.

Introduction: The Multiple Mini Interview (MMI) is a widely used method for evaluating non-cognitive skills of applicants to health professions training programs. The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a swift transition to virtual MMIs (vMMIs), with initial indications of their feasibility and acceptability. This novel study describes the implementation and evaluation of a large-scale vMMI model for selection into undergraduate medical, dental, and oral health degrees within an Australian university.

Summary of the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: an Australian perspective.

Introduction: The Australian-led 2023 International evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome was based on best available evidence, clinical expertise and consumer preference. It followed best practice, involved extensive evidence synthesis and applied relevant frameworks across evidence quality, feasibility, acceptability, cost and implementation. Thirty-nine societies and organisations covering 71 countries were engaged.

The role of meditation and mindfulness in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: a scoping review.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) presents multifaceted challenges affecting women's reproductive, metabolic, and psychological systems, consequently impacting their psychological and emotional well-being. The utilization of meditation and mindfulness interventions (MMIs) is found to be increasing for the management of PCOS. This scoping review systematically explored the current literature to identify the type and application of MMIs for PCOS management.

Effects of an antenatal dietary intervention in women with obesity or overweight on child outcomes at 8-10 years of age: LIMIT randomised trial follow-up.

Background: The LIMIT randomised controlled trial looked at the effect of a dietary and lifestyle intervention compared with routine antenatal care for pregnant women with overweight and obesity on pregnancy outcomes. While women in the intervention group improved diet and physical activity with a reduction of high birth weight, other outcomes were similar. We have followed the children born to women in this study at birth, 6 and 18 months and 3-5 years of age and now report follow-up of children at 8-10 years of age.

Effects of different insulin sensitisers in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: Characteristic features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) include insulin resistance and an increased risk for type 2 diabetes. To promote improved insulin sensitivity, insulin sensitisers have been used in PCOS. However, direct comparisons across these agents are limited.

Efficacy and safety of anti-androgens in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Background: Anti-androgens and combined oral contraceptive pills (COCPs) may mitigate hyperandrogenism-related symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, their efficacy and safety in PCOS remain unclear as previous reviews have focused on non-PCOS populations. To inform the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline in PCOS, we conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the efficacy and safety of anti-androgens in the management of hormonal and clinical features of PCOS.

Metformin and Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills in the Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Context: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects more than 1 in 10 women.

Objective: As part of the 2023 International PCOS Guidelines update, comparisons between combined oral contraceptive pills (COCP), metformin, and combination treatment were evaluated.

Data Sources: Ovid Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, All EBM, and CINAHL were searched.

Different kinds of oral contraceptive pills in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To compare between different combined oral contraceptive pills (COCPs) as part of the update of the International Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Assessment and Management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed, Prospero CRD42022345640.

Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, All EBM, CINAHL, and PsycINFO was searched on July, 8, 2022, for studies including women with PCOS, comparing 2 different COCPs in randomized controlled trials.

Combined oral contraceptive pill compared with no medical treatment in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review.

Objective: As part of the update of the International Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Assessment and Management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a systematic review was performed to inform evidence-based recommendations.

Design: Systematic review. Only randomised controlled trial were included.

Type 1 diabetes, periodontal health, and a familial history of hyperlipidaemia is associated with oral microbiota in children: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Hyperlipidaemia may play a significant role in the interrelationship between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and periodontal disease. A potential mechanism that links these three aspects together is the oral microbiota. We wanted to determine if there is an association between hyperlipidaemia, periodontal disease, and the oral microbiota of children with T1D, as this has not yet been explored.

ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents.

Since the 2018 ISPAD guidelines on this topic, follow-up of large cohorts from around the globe have continued informing the current incidence and prevalence of co-morbidities and complications in young adults with youth-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D). This chapter focuses on the risk factors, diagnosis and presentation of youth-onset T2D, the initial and subsequent management of youth-onset T2D, and management of co-morbidities and complications. We include key updates from the observational phase of the multi-center Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) clinical trial, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) study and new data from the Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE) study, a head-to-head comparison of youth onset vs adult-onset T2D.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescence.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common, complex, and chronic condition that presents many diagnostic and management challenges for managing clinicians. PCOS diagnosis in adolescents presents a particular challenge for treating clinicians due to the overlap of diagnostic features with normal physiological changes during adolescence. Adolescent diagnostic criteria include well-defined menstrual irregularity according to time postmenarche and hyperandrogenism, but does not require the use of pelvic ultrasound.