Comparison of Cytotoxicity and Photocatalytic Properties of Iron Vanadate Nanoparticles with Commercial Catalysts: For the Degradation of Microplastics and Bacterial Inactivation Application.

Microplastics (MPs) and the development of associated antibiotic-resistant bacteria are of serious concern. Conventional water treatment methodologies do not sufficiently address the issue of MPs and MPs-attached bacteria. The photocatalytic process is a promising technique that utilizes solar light to generate HO radicals for the degradation of MPs and inactivation of microorganisms.

Macrophage targeting precision nanomedicine utilizing ROS-responsive metallozyme-loaded nanomicelle for enhanced treatment of gout-induced inflammation.

The excessive accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in joints leads to the pathological condition known as gout. While conventional treatments, which include Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, are available, their short half-life and low bioavailability limit their practical application. To overcome these limitations and leverage the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-rich microenvironment, this study developed a novel ROS-responsive thioketal-linked hyaluronic acid-based micelle loaded with manganese oxide (HTO-MnO) for enhanced treatment.

Programable Prodrug Nanomodulator Targets Tumor Redox Homeostasis Imbalance to Amplify Disulfidptosis and Immunogenic Pyroptosis for Breast Tumor Immunotherapy.

Despite the great potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT), its success remains compromised by the abnormal redox homeostasis of tumor cells, which supports survival, growth, and resistance to oxidative therapeutic interventions by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS). To overcome this barrier, a multifunctional prodrug nanomodulator (Pro@FLNC) is designed to induce disulfidptosis and immunogenic pyroptosis to trigger an antitumor immune response. Pro@FLNC features a prodrug core-shell structure where ursolic acid (UA) and Chlorin e6 (Ce6) are conjugated via a GSH-responsive linker and encapsulated in a DSPE-PEG-FA lipid shell for enhanced stability, biocompatibility, and tumor-specific targeting.

Triple-action cancer therapy using laser-activated NO-releasing metallomicellar nanophotosensitizer for pyroptosis-driven immune reprogramming.

Cancer photoimmunotherapy represents an intelligent and highly efficient therapeutic approach that harnesses the photothermal effect to precisely target and ablate tumor tissues, while simultaneously modulating the immune system to achieve tumor elimination. The integration of multifunctional therapeutic modalities for combined photoimmunotherapy requires advanced drug delivery systems. However, the design of a single nanoagent capable of serving as a multifunctional nanophotosensitizer remains a significant challenge.

Targeted nanoparticle delivery unleashes synergistic photothermal and immunotherapeutic effects against hepatocellular carcinoma.

The substantial mortality and morbidity of hepatocellular carcinoma, representing 90% of liver cancers, poses a significant health burden. The effectiveness of traditional hepatocellular carcinoma treatments such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy is limited, underscoring the need for innovative therapeutic strategies. To this end, we synthesized phthalyl-pullulan nanoparticles encapsulating IR780 (an NIR-responsive heptamethine cyanine dye) and R848 (resiquimod; a TLR7/8 agonist) (PIR NPs).

Inorganic Nanomedicine-Mediated Ferroptosis: A Synergistic Approach to Combined Cancer Therapies and Immunotherapy.

Ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has generated substantial interest in cancer therapy. Various methods have been developed to induce ferroptosis in tumor cells, including approved drugs, experimental compounds, and nanomedicine formulations. Unlike apoptosis, ferroptosis presents unique molecular and cellular features, representing a promising approach for cancers resistant to conventional treatments.

"Three-in-one": A Photoactivable Nanoplatform Evokes Anti-Immune Response by Inhibiting BRD4-cMYC-PDL1 Axis to Intensify Photo-Immunotherapy.

Combinatorial immuno-cancer therapy is recognized as a promising approach for efficiently treating malignant tumors. Yet, the development of multifunctional nanomedicine capable of precise tumor targeting, remote activation, and immune-regulating drug delivery remains a significant challenge. In this study, nanoparticles loaded with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (JQ-1) using polypyrrole/hyaluronic acid (PPyHA/JQ-1) are developed.

hypoxia modulating nano-catalase for amplifying DNA damage in radiation resistive colon tumors.

Radiation therapy (RT) is a mainstream clinical approach in cancer treatment. However, the therapeutic efficacy of RT is greatly hindered by the presence of excessive hydrogen peroxide (HO) in the hypoxic region of the solid tumor, thus leading to tumor recurrence and metastasis. Herein, a thioketal-linked amphiphilic nano-assembly (MTS) loaded with hydrophobic manganese oxide (HMO) nanoparticles (MTS@HMO) is examined as a promising multi-purpose reactive oxygen species (ROS)-catalytic nanozyme for transforming an RT-resistant hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) into an RT-susceptible one by scavenging ROS in the hypoxic core of the solid tumor.

Targeted treatment of gouty arthritis by biomineralized metallic nanozyme-mediated oxidative stress-mitigating nanotherapy.

Gouty arthritis is characterized by chronic deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the joints and other tissues, resulting in the production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proinflammatory cytokines that intensify synovial inflammation. This condition is mainly associated with inflammatory M1 macrophage activation and oxidative stress production. Hence, gout symptoms can often be resolved by eliminating M1 macrophage activation and scavenging oxidative stress in the inflamed areas.

Thermosusceptible Nitric-Oxide-Releasing Nitrogel for Strengthening Antitumor Immune Responses with Tumor Collagen Diminution and Deep Tissue Delivery during NIR Laser-Assisted Photoimmunotherapy.

Combined cancer immunotherapy has demonstrated promising potential with an amplified antitumor response and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) modulation. However, one of the main issues that cause treatment failure is the poor diffusion and insufficient penetration of therapeutic and immunomodulatory agents in solid tumors. Herein, a cancer treatment approach that combines photothermal therapy (PTT) and nitric oxide (NO) gas therapy for tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, along with NLG919, an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor that reduces tryptophan catabolism to kynurenine, and DMXAA, a stimulator of interferon gene (STING) agonist that stimulates antigen cross-presentation, is proposed to overcome this issue.

Recent Advances in ROS-Scavenging Metallic Nanozymes for Anti-Inflammatory Diseases: A Review.

Oxidative stress and dysregulated inflammatory responses are the hallmarks of inflammatory disorders, which are key contributors to high mortality rates and impose a substantial economic burden on society. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are vital signaling molecules that promote the development of inflammatory disorders. The existing mainstream therapeutic approaches, including steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and proinflammatory cytokine inhibitors with anti-leucocyte inhibitors, are not efficient at curing the adverse effects of severe inflammation.

A sugar modified amphiphilic cationic nano-adjuvant ceased tumor immune suppression and rejuvenated peptide vaccine induced antitumor immunity in cervical cancer.

Human papilloma virus (HPV), one of the most common cancer-causing viruses, accounts for more than 90% of human anal and cervical cancers. Clinical studies have focused on adjuvant therapy with vaccines to improve therapeutic outcomes in patients with late-stage HPV-related cancers. In the present study, a mannose receptor (CD206) targeting a lithocholic acid-modified polyethylenimine (PEI) nano-adjuvant delivering the toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist, resiquimod (R848) (mLAPMi-R848), in a HPV E6- and E7-expressing TC-1 tumor murine model was developed.

Biomineralized Nanoscavenger Abrogates Proinflammatory Macrophage Polarization and Induces Neutrophil Clearance through Reverse Migration during Gouty Arthritis.

The deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals induces the overexpression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proinflammatory cytokines in residential macrophages, further promoting the infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes in the joints of gouty arthritis. Herein, a peroxidase-mimicking nanoscavenger was developed by forming manganese dioxide over albumin nanoparticles loaded with an anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin (BIM), to block the secretion of ROS and COX2-induced proinflammatory cytokines in the MSU-induced gouty arthritis model. In the MSU-induced arthritis mouse model, the BIM nanoparticles alleviated joint swelling, which is attributed to the abrogation of ROS and inflammatory cytokine secretions from proinflammatory macrophages that induces neutrophil infiltration and fluid building up in the inflammation site.

Hyaluronan-coated Prussian blue nanoparticles relieve LPS-induced peritonitis by suppressing oxidative species generation in tissue-resident macrophages.

Excessive inflammatory response during sepsis causes irreversible damage to healthy tissues and results in multi-organ failure. During infection, bacterial endotoxin-triggered inflammatory responses in macrophages facilitate the recruitment of circulating leukocytes, including neutrophils and monocytes. A key component that aggravates the systemic inflammatory response is the generation of stable reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (HO).

Metallic Nanoparticle-Mediated Immune Cell Regulation and Advanced Cancer Immunotherapy.

Cancer immunotherapy strategies leveraging the body's own immune system against cancer cells have gained significant attention due to their remarkable therapeutic efficacy. Several immune therapies have been approved for clinical use while expanding the modalities of cancer therapy. However, they are still not effective in a broad range of cancer patients because of the typical immunosuppressive microenvironment and limited antitumor immunity achieved with the current treatment.

Heat-Confined Tumor-Docking Reversible Thermogel Potentiates Systemic Antitumor Immune Response During Near-Infrared Photothermal Ablation in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) features immunologically "cold" tumor microenvironments with limited cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) infiltration. Although ablation therapies have demonstrated modulation of "cold" TNBC tumors to inflamed "hot" tumors, recruitment of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) at the tumors post ablation therapies prevents the infiltration of CTLs and challenge the antitumor potentials of T-cell therapies. Here, a thermal ablation immunotherapy strategy is developed to prevent the immune suppressive effects of MDSCs during photothermal ablation and induce a durable systemic antitumor immunity to eradicate TNBC tumors.

External and Internal Stimuli-Responsive Metallic Nanotherapeutics for Enhanced Anticancer Therapy.

Therapeutic, diagnostic, and imaging approaches based on nanotechnology offer distinct advantages in cancer treatment. Various nanotherapeutics have been presented as potential alternatives to traditional anticancer therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical intervention. Notably, the advantage of nanotherapeutics is mainly attributable to their accumulation and targeting ability toward cancer cells, multiple drug-carrying abilities, combined therapies, and imaging approaches.

Recent Advances in Nanovaccines Using Biomimetic Immunomodulatory Materials.

The development of vaccines plays a vital role in the effective control of several fatal diseases. However, effective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines have yet to be developed for completely curing deadly diseases, such as cancer, malaria, HIV, and serious microbial infections. Thus, suitable vaccine candidates need to be designed to elicit appropriate immune responses.

Self-Assembled, Adjuvant/Antigen-Based Nanovaccine Mediates Anti-Tumor Immune Response against Melanoma Tumor.

Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive type of cancer that requires radical treatment strategies to inhibit the cancer cell progression and metastasis. In recent years, preclinical research and clinical trials on melanoma treatment have been considerably focused on the adjuvant-based immunotherapy for enhancing the immune response of innate immune cells against cancer cells. However, the clinical outcome of these adjuvant-based treatments is inadequate due to an improper delivery system for these immune activators to reach the target site.

Peroxidase-Mimicking Nanoassembly Mitigates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endotoxemia and Cognitive Damage in the Brain by Impeding Inflammatory Signaling in Macrophages.

Oxidative stress during sepsis pathogenesis remains the most-important factor creating imbalance and dysregulation in immune-cell function, usually observed following initial infection. Hydrogen peroxide (HO), a potentially toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), is excessively produced by pro-inflammatory immune cells during the initial phases of sepsis and plays a dominant role in regulating the pathways associated with systemic inflammatory immune activation. In the present study, we constructed a peroxide scavenger mannosylated polymeric albumin manganese dioxide (mSPAM) nanoassembly to catalyze the decomposition of HO responsible for the hyper-activation of pro-inflammatory immune cells.

A Lipophilic IR-780 Dye-Encapsulated Zwitterionic Polymer-Lipid Micellar Nanoparticle for Enhanced Photothermal Therapy and NIR-Based Fluorescence Imaging in a Cervical Tumor Mouse Model.

To prolong blood circulation and avoid the triggering of immune responses, nanoparticles in the bloodstream require conjugation with polyethylene glycol (PEG). However, PEGylation hinders the interaction between the nanoparticles and the tumor cells and therefore limits the applications of PEGylated nanoparticles for therapeutic drug delivery. To overcome this limitation, zwitterionic materials can be used to enhance the systemic blood circulation and tumor-specific delivery of hydrophobic agents such as IR-780 iodide dye for photothermal therapy.