Development of Zebrafish model for Iron Induced Neuroinflammation.

Zebrafish models have been used to research Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders because of their similarities to the human genetic composition and behavior. Researchers have detected iron accumulation in the post-mortem brain sections of neurodegenerative disorder patients. Therefore, the development an animal model to simulate these clinical pathological findings is important.

Synthetic approaches and therapeutic potential of thiophene derivatives as COX and LOX inhibitors.

Thiophene derivatives have gained considerable interest lately due to their potential as anti-inflammatory agents. Their structural flexibility and capacity to interact with key enzymes involved in inflammatory processes position them as promising candidates for drug development. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research, focusing on the synthesis and therapeutic evaluation of thiophene-based compounds that act as inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes.

Compartmentalization of multi-enzymes within designable metal-organic frameworks (MOF): A review of systematic approaches.

Integrating multi-enzyme systems within metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has garnered significant attention in biocatalysis due to their tunable structural properties and ability to enhance enzyme performance in cascade reactions. The unique features of MOFs, such as well-defined pore apertures, tailorable compositions, and high loading capacity, facilitate the design of robust multi-enzyme bio-composites with enhanced recyclability and specificity. This review explores systematic approaches for the compartmentalization and positional co-immobilization of multiple enzymes within MOFs, focusing on two key strategies: (i) layer-by-layer assembly and (ii) pore-engineered compartmentalization.

β-Carboline: a privileged scaffold from nature for potential antimalarial activity.

Malaria is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world. Despite the implementation of malaria prophylaxis by the WHO, the mortality rate has been rising. Owing to the development of resistance to presently prescribed antimalarial medication regimes in humans and insecticides in malaria vectors, the prevention and treatment of these illnesses are severely hindered.

Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of an Indole Triazole Conjugate with In Silico Evidence of Allosteric Binding to Penicillin-Binding Protein 2a.

: Antibacterial resistance (ABR) poses a major challenge to global health, with methicillin-resistant (MRSA) being one of the prominent multidrug-resistant strains. MRSA has developed resistance through the expression of Penicillin-Binding Protein 2a (PBP2a), a key transpeptidase enzyme involved in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. : The objective was to design and characterize a novel small-molecule inhibitor targeting PBP2a as a strategy to combat MRSA.

Phytoconstituents and Immunological Responses in Tuberculosis: Insights Into Network Pharmacology.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacterium, remains a significant health problem worldwide, intensified by the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and highly resistant (XDR) strains. The current treatment protocols, related side effects, and the increasing incidence of drug resistance limit the efficacy of conventional therapeutic strategies. Traditional medicinal constituents rich in diverse phytoconstituents offer multi-target action with reduced toxicity, minimal risk of resistance, and immunomodulatory properties.

3-O Sulfated Heparan Sulfate (G2) Peptide Ligand Impairs the Infectivity of .

Heparan sulfate (HS) is widely implicated as a receptor for cell attachment and infectivity. However, the enzymatic modification of HS modified by the 3-O sulfotransferase-3 (3-OST-3) enzyme in chlamydial cell entry remains unknown. To rule out the possibility that host cell 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate (3-OS HS) plays a significant role in entry, a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cell model lacking endogenous 3-OST-3 was used.

Beneficial Effects of Caraway Oil in Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurotoxicity.

Purpose: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive decline and memory impairment, amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Current therapies provide symptomatic treatment but do not address the exact cause of the disease. Caraway oil, derived from , is rich in carvone and limonene with reported anticholinesterase, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties.

Exploring the role of xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).

Globally, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly termed as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), has been affecting millions of people. It includes a spectrum of liver conditions, ranging from simple fat accumulation (steatosis) to advanced stages such as fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Oxidative stress has been identified as a major contributing factor in driving disease progression.

Mitochondrial dysfunction and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in drug-resistant epilepsy: emerging insights and mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic strategies.

Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) is a substantial medical challenge due to the scarcity of effective therapies. Newly identified mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and the Nod-like receptor protein (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, are implicated in playing an important role in the pathogenesis of DRE. Mitochondria are crucial for maintaining neuronal energy balance and cell viability.

Roadmap for Commercial Nanomedicine Development: Integrating Quality by Design Principles with Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology.

Integrating Quality by Design (QbD) principles into nanomedicine development marks a paradigm shift from traditional empirical approaches to more systematic risk-based strategies. This review explores the application of QbD in pharmaceutical nanotechnology, focusing on nanoliposomes as a drug and gene delivery model. We examine various QbD models, including factorial, Plackett-Burman, Box-Behnken, and Taguchi experimental designs, alongside response optimization methods such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), mathematical optimization, and overlay plots.

Targeting the P2X7 receptor signaling pathway: Unlocking therapeutic strategies for autism spectrum disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common developmental neurological disorder that has a significant genetic predisposition and is marked by an early beginning of impairment of social communication and restricted repetitive behaviors, as well as loss of interest in activities. Though it is a common condition, pathogenetic mechanisms and etiologic foundations are still unclear; diagnostic strategies and treatments remain inadequate and restricted. Hence, there is an ongoing need to develop safer and more effective therapeutic strategies.

Monolaurin inhibits antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients with atopic dermatitis.

Frequent use of antibiotics increases the incidence of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis (AD), which prompts the search for new treatments. Monolaurin is a chemical byproduct found in coconut oil and has anti-bacterial properties. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of monolaurin on antimicrobial-resistant S.

A Multiscale Computational Study for the Identification of Novel Inhibitors Targeting Tau-Tubulin Kinase 1 (TTBK1) in Alzheimer's Disease.

Introduction: Excessive phosphorylation of tau protein by the tau-tubulin kinase 1 (TTBK1) enzyme is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Based on a comprehensive literature review and availability of the co-crystal structure of TTBK1 in complex inhibitor (pdb id 4BTK), we designed a multiscale computational approach to identify novel hits from the ZINC13 chemical library.

Methods: The High-Throughput Virtual Screening (HTVS) of the ZINC13 database (containing 13,195,609 molecules) was carried out against TTBK1 protein (PDB id 4BTK).

Investigation of Aloe vera mediated ZnO-β-CD nanocomposite for photocatalysis and antimicrobial applications.

This study presents the green synthesis of an Aloe vera based ZnO-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) nanocomposite for photocatalysis and antimicrobial applications. UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), and band gap energy measurement, were employed to investigate the optical and structural features. Due to unique bandgap (3.

B cell antigens: A key to optimizing CAR-T cell therapy.

B-cells are vital immune cells that differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies targeting specific antigens. They also act as Antigen Presenting Cells, displaying processed antigens on Major Histocompatibility Complex class-II molecules to activate helper T-cells. This process triggers immune response and memory development.

Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract and Terpene-Rich Oil of Vetiveria zizanioides L. Roots in Chronic Kidney Disease in Rats.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents a significant global health concern, often leading to complications such as renal failure and cardiovascular issues. Alternative therapies based on medicinal plants are the focused area for the management of CKD. The present study focuses on the impact of Vetiveria zizanioides extract and its terpenes-rich oil in management of CKD.

Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications by Targeting Sirtuins, Caspases, and GSK-3.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a significant impact on global public health. The primary hallmarks of the disease included amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) deposition, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and synaptic loss. Sirtuins, a group of NAD-dependent deacetylase enzymes, are key regulators of AD pathogenesis.

Innovative approaches for the treatment of stroke: a recent update.

The domain of stroke therapy is indeed undergoing rapid advancement, characterized by the emergence of innovative strategies such as stem cell therapy, exosomes, and gene editing methodologies. Although existing treatments, including thrombolysis and endovascular interventions, have enhanced stroke outcomes, but are limited by challenges such as narrow therapeutic windows and potential adverse effects. Novel therapeutic approaches, particularly those incorporating stem cells-such as mesenchymal (MSCs), embryonic, and induced pluripotent (iPSCs)-are exhibiting considerable promise.

Effect of microgravity on bone Tissue: Mechanisms of osteodegeneration and advanced treatment modalities.

Preeminent human existence in space raises concerns about bone health due to the effect of microgravity on bone tissue degeneration. Space experiments pose logistical challenges, but ground-based research using microgravity simulation provides information about bone loss mechanisms. This review compiles and evaluates data from astronaut, animal, and cellular experiments, emphasizing microgravity-induced skeletal deconditioning.

Exploring therapeutic targets in Toll-like receptor pathways: Implications for cardiovascular management in polycystic ovary syndrome.

Inflammation plays a crucial role in the development of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) via modulation in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways and over the recent couple of years, there has been an increase in the cardiovascular events associated with PCOS. To overcome this condition, the development of targeted drugs to modulate the TLR signaling pathway, a major trigger in the development of cardiovascular complications with PCOS patients is required. This review aims to explore the therapeutic targets with TLR pathways and their implications for cardiovascular management in PCOS.

Dissolvable microneedles assisted minimally invasive transcleral delivery of conjugated soluplus nanomicelles targeting retina in the management of retinoblastoma.

The present study focused on delivering sorafenib-loaded conjugated soluplus nanomicelles to the back of the eye targeting retina via dissolvable microneedle-mediated transcleral delivery. The research involved fabricating dissolvable microneedles by melt casting method using a blend of PVA and PVP 90F. Optical and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the microneedles were sharp, smooth, non-sticky, and non-brittle, exhibiting no cracks.

Indomethacin-incorporated microemulsion-laden contact lenses for improved ocular drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy.

Conventional eye drops are associated with several limitations, including rapid drug clearance and low bioavailability, with only about 5% of the administered drug reaching the cornea to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy. Thus, to address these challenges, indomethacin (IND)-loaded microemulsion (Me)-embedded soft contact lenses (CLs) were developed to improve ocular drug delivery. The D-optimal mixture design was employed to optimize the composition of the Me formulation.

State-of-the-Art Computational Investigation of Long-release Hydrochlorothiazide Formulation for Myocardial Infarction Prevention.

Aim: The present investigation aims to employ a quality-by-design (QbD) approach to prioritize critical factors for the drug formulation and, thus, the number of experimental runs to be performed for the identification of critical quality attributes (CQA) while maintaining an adequate risk profile.

Background: Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), a diuretic class of drug, is often recommended with antihypertensives to prevent the problem of early morning heart attack (myocardial infarction).

Method: Prior knowledge was systematically applied during the early development phase of risk assessment using the fishbone diagram and qualitative risk assessment, resulting in 17 factors that may influence the final quality of long-action hydrochlorothiazide tablets.