Unveiling the photothermal mechanism and therapeutic potential of quercetin-loaded MXene-ZMOF@Chitosan in MCF-7 breast cancer.

Breast cancer remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies. This study introduces a novel Q-MX-ZMOF@CH nanocomposite, integrating MXene with zinc-based metal-organic frameworks (ZMOF) and chitosan (CH) to targeted quercetin (Q) delivery and enhanced photothermal therapy (PTT) for breast cancer therapy. TEM imaging of Q-MX-ZMOF@CH indicated spherical morphologies with size distribution (∼60 nm). Q-MX-ZMOF@CH exhibited robust physical, chemical, and functional stability, with sustained Q release under near-infrared (NIR) achieving >98 % release. Q-MX-ZMOF@CH demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency (89.23 %), with high PT conversion efficiency (75.1 %) under NIR. In-vitro studies on MCF-7 breast cancer cells showed significant cytotoxicity (IC = 19.4 μg/mL) and pronounced apoptotic induction. Western blot analysis revealed substantial downregulation of heat shock proteins (HSP70, HSP90, HSP27), suggesting a mechanism for overcoming cellular thermoresistance. In-vivo xenograft studies in BALB/c mice confirmed enhanced bioavailability and improved pharmacokinetic parameters, demonstrating the nanoplatform's potential as a sophisticated, targeted approach to breast cancer treatment. The survival analysis further showed extended survival in tumor-bearing mice treated by Q-MX-ZMOF@CH relative to Q and control groups. Serum biochemistry demonstrated that Q elevated hepatic (ALT, AST, ALP) and renal (creatinine, BUN) markers, indicative of hepatic and renal stress, whereas nanocarrier encapsulation significantly attenuated these alterations. Q-MX-ZMOF@CH reduced inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and lipid peroxidation (MDA), and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, GPx). Overall, these results establish MX-ZMOF@CH as a biocompatible and efficient drug delivery (DD) platform that enhances the treatment efficacy and safety profile of Q, supporting its potential translation into biomedical applications for tumor and inflammatory disease therapy.