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Article Abstract
NiO is widely used for hole-transporting layers in p-i-n-type perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its stability, wide bandgap (≈3.5 eV), and solution processability. However, during solution processing, oxygen exposure can induce non-stoichiometry, forming Ni. While Ni enhances hole mobility, it also promotes redox reactions at the interface, undermining long-term stability. To utilize the improved mobility without sacrificing stability, bilayer NiO films with controlled Ni concentrations can be fabricated. Sputtering is ideal for this, enabling precise control of oxygen partial pressure during deposition. This study utilizes sputtering to regulate Ni levels and optimize the ratio of two NiO layers in bilayer films, improving charge extraction and transport. A fabricated perovskite module with a 16.0 cm aperture area achieves a photo-conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.5%. Additionally, the module retains 80% of its initial PCE after 1000 h under continuous 1-sun illumination, thanks to the stable bilayer NiO structure.
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