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Chemical and geological processes on prebiotic Earth are believed to have resulted in the emergence of life through the increasing organization and functionality of organic molecules. This primer provides an overview of some key abiotic chemical and physical processes that could have contributed to life's building blocks (amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, and monosaccharides) becoming more ordered during the early stages in the origin of life. The processes considered include polymerization, intramolecular folding, multimolecular assembly, and chemical evolution through various selective mechanisms. Our goal is to provide an accessible, high-level synopsis of these key general concepts for a diverse audience.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15311074251365943 | DOI Listing |
J Sci Food Agric
September 2025
College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
Background: Kaempferol (KAE), a bioactive flavonoid, has limited solubility and stability in water. Zein-gum arabic (GA) nanoparticles (NPs) are promising carriers for KAE, but the influence of preparation methods on their structure and properties remains unclear. This study investigated the effect of preparation method on the structure and properties of KAE-loaded zein-GA NPs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBeilstein J Nanotechnol
August 2025
Department of Physics & Engineering Physics, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.
Nanoscale biosensors have gained attention in recent years due to their unique characteristics and size. Manufacturing steps, cost, and other shortcomings limit the widespread use and commercialization of nanoscale electrodes. In this work, a nano-size electrode fabricated by directed electrochemical nanowire assembly and parylene-C insulation is introduced.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBeilstein J Org Chem
August 2025
Department of Natural Sciences and Sustainable Resources, Institute of Organic Chemistry, BOKU University, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
Nonreducing disaccharides are prevalent in non-mammalian glycans and glycolipids, serving as pivotal structural components in mycobacterial glycans, microbial oligosaccharide and nucleoside antibiotics, as well as biologically active mimetics of bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). As integral components of PAMPs, 1,1'-linked disaccharide-containing biomolecules play important roles in host-pathogen interactions, cellular signaling, and pathogenesis. Accessing complex biomolecules containing nonreducing disaccharides is often hindered by difficulties in isolating them from natural sources, which can result in impure or degraded products, particularly when sensitive functional groups are involved.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChem Sci
September 2025
Institut für Organische Chemie, Universitat Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
The reversible covalent bond formation that underpins dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) enables the construction of stimuli-responsive systems and the efficient assembly of complex architectures. While most DCC studies have focused on systems at thermodynamic equilibrium, there is growing interest in systems that operate away from equilibrium-either by shifting to a new free-energy landscape in response to a stimulus, or by accessing an out-of-equilibrium state following an energy input. Imine-based systems are especially attractive due to the accessibility of their building blocks and their dynamic behavior in both condensation and transimination reactions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChem Sci
September 2025
Molecular AI, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
Incorporating non-natural amino acids (NNAAs) into peptides enhances therapeutic properties, including binding affinity, metabolic stability, and half-life time. The pursuit of novel NNAAs for improved peptide designs faces the challenge of effective synthesis of these building blocks as well as the entire peptide itself. Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) is an essential technology for the automated assembly of peptides with NNAAs, necessitating careful protection for effective coupling of amino acids in the peptide chain.
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