Advance in the extraction, characterization, bioactivities, and application prospects of konjac oligosaccharide: A comprehensive review.

Konjac has garnered significant attention for its dual roles in medicinal and nutritional applications, with konjac oligosaccharide (KOS) emerging as a bioactive compound of particular interest. KOS exhibits a wide range of biological activities, including laxative, immunomodulatory, glucolipid metabolism regulatory, antioxidative, antifatigue, anti-inflammatory, osteogenic, and prebiotic effects. Despite advances in its extraction, purification, and characterization, a deeper understanding of its structural properties and mechanisms of action remains essential. This review systematically examines the extraction, separation, and purification techniques of KOS, alongside its physicochemical properties, biological activities, structure-activity relationships, and potential applications. Additionally, the toxicity and safety profile of KOS are critically evaluated. By integrating these aspects, this review provides theoretical and technical insights to support the development of KOS-based functional foods, highlighting its potential in the food and nutraceutical industries.