Flavonoid Extract of Buch.-Ham. Ameliorates CTX-Induced Immunosuppression and Intestinal Damage via Activating the MyD88-Mediated Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathway.

Buch.-Ham. is a flavonoid-rich traditional medicinal plant with established immunomodulatory properties. However, the mechanisms underlying the immunoregulatory and intestinal protective effects of its flavonoid extract ( flavonoids-SSF) remain unclear. This study characterized SSF's bioactive components and evaluated its efficacy against cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression and intestinal injury. The constituents of SSF were identified using UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap/HRMS. Mice with CTX-induced immunosuppression were treated with SSF (80, 160, 320 mg/kg) for seven days. Immune parameters (organ indices, lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine, and immunoglobulin levels) and gut barrier integrity markers (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-1 protein expression; sIgA secretion; microbiota composition) were assessed. Network pharmacology combined with functional assays elucidated the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Twenty flavonoids were identified in SSF, with six prototype compounds detectable in the blood. The SSF treatment significantly ameliorated CTX-induced weight loss and atrophy of the thymus and spleen. It enhanced splenic T- and B-lymphocyte proliferation by 43.6% and 29.7%, respectively; normalized the CD4/CD8 ratio (1.57-fold increase); and elevated levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IgM, and IgG. Moreover, SSF reinforced the intestinal barrier by upregulating tight junction protein expression and sIgA levels while modulating the gut microbiota, enriching beneficial taxa (e.g., the , ) and suppressing pathogenic . Mechanistically, SSF activated the TLR/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, with isoquercitrin identified as a pivotal bioactive constituent. SSF effectively mitigates CTX-induced immunosuppression and intestinal damage. These findings highlight SSF's potential as a dual-functional natural agent for immunomodulation and intestinal protection. Subsequent research should validate isoquercitrin's molecular targets and assess SSF's clinical efficacy.