Comprehensive analysis of the impact of extraction methods on the volatile organic compounds and flavor profiles of Piper nigrum L. varieties.

Food Chem

School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China; School of Biological Science and Engineering, Specialty Food Nutrition and Health Innovation Team of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China. Electronic address: zjwe

Published: July 2025


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Article Abstract

This study compared the effects of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UE), Soxhlet extraction (SE), and steam distillation (SD) on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and flavor profiles of Piper nigrum L. varieties (Vietnamese pepper, VP; Kampot pepper, KP; Dapo pepper, DP). Using electronic nose, GC-MS, and UPLC analyses, UE showed superior retention of VOC diversity and aromatic complexity, while SE maximized piperine retention (e.g., 4551.35 mg/100 g in VP). SD reduced inter-varietal flavor differences, homogenizing volatile characteristics. Despite methodological variations, key aromatic traits of pepper varieties remained distinguishable. KP processed via UE exhibited the highest terpene content (2503.22 mg/100 g), highlighting its aromatic potential. GC-MS data enabled accurate classification of extraction-based flavor profiles via orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Nine odorants were identified using odor activity value (OAV) and variable importance in projection (VIP). This study provides insight into method-driven flavor differentiation, VOC characterization, and guides strategies for pepper product development.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145425DOI Listing

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