Manipulation of neuronal activity by an artificial spiking neural network implemented on a closed-loop brain-computer interface in non-human primates.

Closed-loop brain-computer interfaces can be used to bridge, modulate, or repair damaged connections within the brain to restore functional deficits. Towards this goal, we demonstrate that small artificial spiking neural networks can be bidirectionally interfaced with single neurons (SNs) in the neocortex of non-human primates (NHPs) to create artificial connections between the SNs to manipulate their activity in predictable ways.Spikes from a small group of SNs were recorded from primary motor cortex of two awake NHPs during rest. The SNs were then interfaced with a small network of integrate-and-fire units (IFUs) that were programmed on a custom clBCI. Spikes from the SNs evoked excitatory and/or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in the IFUs, which themselves spiked when their membrane potentials exceeded a predetermined threshold. Spikes from the IFUs triggered single pulses of intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) to modulate the activity of the cortical SNs.We show that the altered closed-loop dynamics within the cortex depends on several factors including the connectivity between the SNs and IFUs, as well as the precise timing of the ICMS. We additionally show that the closed-loop dynamics can reliably be modeled from open-loop measurements.Our results demonstrate a new type of hybrid biological-artificial neural system based on a clBCI that interfaces SNs in the brain with artificial IFUs to modulate biological activity in the brain. Our model of the closed-loop dynamics may be leveraged in the future to develop training algorithms that shape the closed-loop dynamics of networks in the brain to correct aberrant neural activity and rehabilitate damaged neural circuits.