monitoring of infection dynamics in whole blood microenvironments.

Babesiosis - a globally emerging tick-borne infectious disease primarily caused by the intraerythrocytic piroplasm parasite, - has traditionally been studied using animal models such as mice. Compared to animal models, microfluidic-based models offer advantages, including direct analysis of human samples (such as patient blood), enhanced assay capacity (including physical/optical access, consistency, and throughput), low costs, and easy adoption. Here, we report an open microfluidic platform named "μ-Blood" for monitoring infection dynamics . Compared to other microfluidic-based models, μ-Blood allows direct examination of infected and uninfected whole blood without preprocessing steps like blood dilution or cell isolation, minimizing observer artifacts and preserving the natural whole blood microenvironment. The system enables extended (days-long) monitoring of infection dynamics, including parasite identification, parasitemia measurement, and parasite-host cell interactions, using label-free phase contrast and fluorescence confocal microscopy. With its open microfluidic configuration, μ-Blood provides an model for studying blood-borne infections while maintaining integrity of the whole blood microenvironment.