Severe Group A Streptococcus Infections in Children During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Interrupted Time-series Analysis in Paris, France, 2018-2023.

Background: An unexpected surge in severe Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections occurred during 2022-2023. We assessed changes in the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of severe GAS infections during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: We analyzed severe GAS infections in children admitted to a university hospital in Paris, France (2018-2023). Proven and probable invasive GAS (iGAS and piGAS) cases were included. Using time-series analysis, we modeled the incidence of severe GAS infections across 4 periods: prepandemic, early pandemic, late pandemic and postpandemic. Infection characteristics were also compared between periods.

Results: We included 269 children with severe GAS infections (mean age 4.0 ± 4.0 years), including 92 iGAS cases. Most cases were severe ear-nose-throat (ENT) infections (192/269, 71%), followed by bone and joint infections (10%) and pleural empyema (8%). In the early pandemic period, GAS infections decreased by 83% [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.17 (95% CI: 0.10-0.27)], but increased significantly in the late pandemic period [IRR 1.65 (95% CI: 1.22-2.24)]. Postpandemic incidence returned to prepandemic levels [IRR 0.97 (95% CI: 0.68-1.38)]. Compared to other periods, late pandemic cases were more severe, with longer hospital stays (9.4 vs. 6.4 days; P = 0.0007), more iGAS forms (47% vs. 28%; P = 0.001), increased proportions of pleural empyema (15% vs. 4%) and bone and joint infections (14% vs. 7%; P = 0.008), and more complicated ENT infections (22% vs. 7%; P = 0.003).

Conclusions: The late COVID-19 pandemic period was marked by a rise in both the incidence and severity of GAS infections. These findings may improve preparedness in future pandemics.