Controlling Crystallization of Aqueous-Processed Planar Perovskite Films via Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonate Surfactant Modulation.

Solution processing represents a widely adopted methodology for perovskite solar cell (PSC) fabrication. Nevertheless, the prevalent use of toxic solvents and anti-solvents in conventional approaches presents significant challenges for PSC commercialization. Water, as an environmentally benign solvent with exceptional Pb(NO) solubility, offers a promising alternative for perovskite film preparation. However, the sluggish conversion kinetics of Pb(NO) to perovskite often results in morphological imperfections and incomplete conversion, particularly detrimental to planar inverted PSCs derived from aqueous solutions, which currently exhibit limited power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of approximately 6%. To mitigate the Ostwald ripening effect induced by slow reaction kinetics and enhance the conversion efficiency of deep-layer Pb(NO) and PbI, this study proposes a strategy of increasing the pore size in porous Pb(NO) structures. Through the incorporation of sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) surfactant into the Pb(NO) precursor solution, we successfully fabricated high-quality perovskite films. Comprehensive characterization revealed that SDS doping effectively modified the surface properties of Pb(NO) films, accelerating their conversion to perovskite. The optimized PSCs based on SDS-modified perovskite films demonstrated improved energy level alignment, enhanced charge carrier extraction, and suppressed non-radiative recombination. Consequently, the PCE of planar inverted aqueous PSCs increased significantly from 12.27% (control devices) to 14.82% following surfactant modification. After being stored in a nitrogen glove box for 800 h, the performance of the device still remained above 90% of its original level. It can still maintain 60% of its original performance after a 100 h heating aging test at 80 degrees.