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Protoplast-based transformation is a vital tool for genetic studies in fungi, yet no protoplast method existed for -scaumcx01 before this study. Here, we optimized protoplast isolation, regeneration, and transformation efficiency. The highest protoplast yield (6.72 × 10 cells/mL) was obtained from liquid mycelium after 12 h of enzymatic digestion at 28 °C using Lysing Enzymes, Yatalase, cellulase, and pectinase. Among osmotic stabilizers, 1 M MgSO yielded the most viable protoplasts. Regeneration occurred via direct mycelial outgrowth and new protoplast formation, with a 1.02% regeneration rate. PEG-mediated transformation with a hygromycin resistance gene and tagging resulted in stable expression in fungal spores and mycelium over five generations. LC/MS-based metabolomic analysis revealed significant changes in glycerophospholipid metabolism, indicating lipid-related dynamics influenced by tagging. Microscopy confirmed successful colonization of tomato roots by -tagged scaumcx01, with fluorescence observed in cortical tissues. Enzymatic (cellulase) seed pretreatment enhanced fungal colonization by modifying root surface properties, promoting plant-fungal interaction. This study establishes an efficient protoplast transformation system, reveals the metabolic impacts of genetic modifications, and demonstrates the potential of enzymatic seed treatment for enhancing plant-fungal interactions.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof11050386 | DOI Listing |
Front Plant Sci
August 2025
State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
Introduction: root rot, caused by , has caused severe damage to the industry. Due to the unclear pathogenic mechanisms of on , the effective implementation of control measures has been greatly restricted.
Methods: An efficient protoplast preparation and genetic transformation system was established for FO-1, enabling real-time tracking of fungal colonization in .
J Sci Food Agric
August 2025
Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yang Ling, China.
Background: A major allergen Fag t 2 in Tartary buckwheat is abundant in grains and has the potential to improve drought and disease resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana, which led to the hypothesis that the promoter of Fag t 2 had the function of regulating seed-specific expression and responding to stress.
Results: This study successfully cloned the Fag t 2 promoter using genome walking. The functions of the Fag t 2 promoter were investigated through gene gun bombardment, GUS staining and activity detection.
Plants (Basel)
August 2025
Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China.
SnRK kinases, central regulators of plant stress response, remain uncharacterized in -an ancient gymnosperm valued for paclitaxel production. This study aimed to identify the family and elucidate its functional roles. Specifically, we identified genes through genomic analysis and assessed tissue-specific expression via transcriptomics, while regulatory networks were deciphered using WGCNA.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Biosci Bioeng
August 2025
Sanwa Research Institute, Sanwa Shurui Co., Ltd., 2231-1 Yamamoto, Usa, Oita 879-0495, Japan.
In this study, we established a ribonucleoprotein-based clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) genome co-editing method for the white koji fungus, Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii. To introduce the single guide RNA-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex into protoplast cells of A.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFbioRxiv
July 2025
Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
Transient transformation assays using protoplasts have become a widely employed technique in plant research. Positive fluorescent selection was subsequently developed to assess the effect of transient effector gene expression in only successfully transfected cells using flow cytometry. This process, though effective, often requires considerable manual effort and subjective judgment to quantify reporter gene expression in the intended cell populations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF