Deciphering the variability of leaf phosphorus-allocation strategies using leaf economic traits and reflectance spectroscopy across diverse forest types.

Allocation of leaf phosphorus (P) among different functional fractions represents a crucial adaptive strategy for optimizing P use. However, it remains challenging to monitor the variability in leaf P fractions and, ultimately, to understand P-use strategies across diverse plant communities. We explored relationships between five leaf P fractions (orthophosphate P, P; lipid P, P; nucleic acid P, P; metabolite P, P; and residual P, P) and 11 leaf economic traits of 58 woody species from three biomes in China, including temperate, subtropical and tropical forests. Then, we developed trait-based models and spectral models for leaf P fractions and compared their predictive abilities. We found that plants exhibiting conservative strategies increased the proportions of P and P, but decreased the proportions of P and P, thus enhancing photosynthetic P-use efficiency, especially under P limitation. Spectral models outperformed trait-based models in predicting cross-site leaf P fractions, regardless of concentrations (R = 0.50-0.88 vs 0.34-0.74) or proportions (R = 0.43-0.70 vs 0.06-0.45). These findings enhance our understanding of leaf P-allocation strategies and highlight reflectance spectroscopy as a promising alternative for characterizing large-scale leaf P fractions and plant P-use strategies, which could ultimately improve the physiological representation of the plant P cycle in land surface models.