Comprehensive Characterization and Functional Analysis of the Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain Gene Family in Rice: Evolution, Expression, and Stress Response.

In this study, the LBD (Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain) gene family, a group of plant-specific transcription factors critical for plant growth and development as well as metabolic regulation, was comprehensively characterized in rice. We identified 36 LBD genes using multi-source genomic data and systematically classified them into Class I (31 genes) and Class II (5 genes). Analysis of their physicochemical properties revealed significant variations in amino acid length, molecular weight, isoelectric points, and hydropathicity. Motif analysis identified conserved LOB domains and other motifs potentially linked to functional diversity. Cis-acting element analysis indicated the involvement of these genes in various biological processes, including light response, hormone signaling, and stress response. Expression profiling demonstrated tissue-specific expression patterns, with several genes, such as , , and , showing relatively high expression in rice roots, implying their important role in root development. Transcriptome data further supported the involvement of specific genes in responses to phytohormones such as jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA), as well as environmental stresses like cold and drought. Notably, , , and may contribute to the regulation of rice environmental adaptability by mediating ABA and JA signaling pathways, respectively. In conclusion, this study identified members of the LBD gene family through the screening of two rice gene databases, and performed a comprehensive analysis of their physicochemical properties, evolutionary relationships, and expression profiles under various conditions. These findings provided valuable insights for further functional studies of LBD genes. Moreover, this study provides a foundation for targeting LBD genes to enhance stress resilience (e.g., drought/cold tolerance) and root architecture optimization. The LBD gene family possesses dual values in both stress resistance regulation and developmental optimization. The construction of its multidimensional functional map lays the theoretical and resource foundation for the precise design of high-yield and stress-resistant varieties.