Integrating a Mobile App to Enhance Atrial Fibrillation Care: Key Insights From an Implementation Study Guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.

Background: Despite the growing use of mobile health apps in managing chronic heart disease, their integration into routine care remains challenging due to dynamic, context-specific barriers.

Objective: This study aimed to identify the key enablers and challenges of implementing a mobile app for cardiac rehabilitation and healthy lifestyles in patients with atrial fibrillation at an Australian cardiology clinic.

Methods: We interviewed both clinicians and patients to understand their perspectives about the mobile app and what factors affected the implementation. The two semistructured interview guides used, one for clinicians and one for patients, were developed based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and nonadoption abandonment, scale-up, spread, and sustainability complexity assessment tool. All interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the transcripts were analyzed inductively to generate codes using a constructionist perspective. These codes were subsequently mapped onto the constructs within the CFIR across its five domains. This framework analysis was followed by examining the interconnections among the constructs to understand their collective impact on the implementation process, thereby identifying key enablers and challenges for the integration efforts.

Results: We interviewed 24 participants including 18 patients, whose mean age was 69 (SD 9.2) years, and 6 clinicians, comprising 4 specialist cardiac electrophysiologists and 2 nurses. Patient engagement with the app varied: 3 participants completed the cardiac rehabilitation plan, 1 participant was still actively engaged, 2 participants had partial use, 10 participants downloaded but never used the app, and 2 participants did not download the app. We identified a complex interplay between key determinants across all five CFIR domains, collectively impacting two main elements in the implementation process: (1) acceptability and user engagement with the app and (2) the clinic's implementation readiness. The app was more likely to be accepted and used by patients who needed to establish healthy lifestyle habits. Those with established healthy lifestyle habits did not indicate that the app provided sufficient added value to justify adoption. Interoperability with other devices and design issues, for example, limited customization options, also negatively impacted the uptake. The clinic's implementation readiness was limited by various challenges including limited staff availability, insufficient internal communication processes, the absence of an implementation evaluation plan, and lack of clarity around who is funding the app's use beyond the initial trial. Despite the clinician's overall inclination toward technology use, diverse opinions on the evidence for short-term cardiac rehabilitation programs in atrial fibrillation critically reduced their commitment to app integration.

Conclusions: Mobile health apps have seen rapid expansion and offer clear benefits, yet their integration into complex health systems remains challenging. Whilst our findings are from a single app implementation, they highlight the importance of embedding contextual analysis and proactive strategic planning in the integration process.