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Optical phased arrays (OPAs), owing to their remarkable capacity for rapid and precise beam steering, have emerged as a pivotal technology in various applications such as augmented reality, free-space optical communication, and optical imaging. In this paper, we present a 64-element two-dimensional (2D) circular OPA operating at a visible wavelength of 632.5 nm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that 2D continuous beam steering with pure phase control has been realized at the visible wavelengths. We propose arrowhead antennas to reduce residual energy while maintaining the integrity of the far-field pattern. Furthermore, a four-directional array arrangement has been introduced to expand the field of view and enhance the uniformity of the side lobe suppression ratio (SLSR) at different azimuth angles. The measurement for the fabricated OPA shows 2D beam steering with an elevation angle of 9° and an azimuth angle of 360° with an SLSR of over 3 dB.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.559081 | DOI Listing |
Nanophotonics
August 2025
National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, C ollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University
Frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has recently become a research hotspot in the fields of autonomous driving and intelligent perception due to its high-precision ranging and velocity measurement capabilities. However, the existing LiDAR systems are usually challenged in expanding the field-of-view (FOV), which often comes at the expense of beam quality and degrades the detection accuracy and signal-to-noise ratio. On the other hand, the complexity of data processing algorithms may introduce significant measurement inaccuracies, potentially leading to substantial deviations in the final results.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Commun
September 2025
State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
Phased arrays are crucial in various technologies, such as radar and wireless communications, due to their ability to precisely control and steer electromagnetic waves. This precise control improves signal processing and enhances imaging performance. However, extending phased arrays to the terahertz (THz) frequency range has proven challenging, especially for high-frequency operation, broadband performance, two-dimensional (2D) phase control with large antenna arrays, and flexible phase modulation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDiscov Nano
September 2025
Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
Ultrasonic phased array technology enables flexible and controllable beamforming through precise phase delay control of individual array elements in the transducer, facilitating dynamic focusing, beam steering, and beamforming. This study presents a 64-channel system achieving 1 ns delay resolution using FPGA-based phase-locked loops. Through systematic testing and calibration of the delay error in the phased array transmission driving system, the actual delay error was successfully controlled within 1 ns.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPract Radiat Oncol
August 2025
Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York. Electronic address:
Purpose: Addressing religion and spirituality (R/S) in the patient care setting has shown associations with health care outcomes and quality of life. Patients with gynecologic malignancies demonstrate increased distress and fear following treatment. The Faith or belief, Importance and Influence of spirituality, spiritual Community; and interventions to Address spiritual needs (FICA) Spiritual History Tool outlines 4 domains of assessment.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Commun
August 2025
Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
The ability to dynamically shape ultrasound fields is critical for emerging applications in therapeutic ultrasound, particle manipulation and tissue engineering. While existing phased arrays provide beam steering for imaging, these newer applications require higher intensities. This complicates the electrical driving and ultimately limits the array size and spatial complexity of the field.
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