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In this work, we propose a novel design of a hybrid transmission integrated system for radio frequency (RF) and free-space optical (FSO) communications, in which the RF and FSO links are able to share the transmitter and the transmission link. In this system, the RF link can usually be considered as a complement to the FSO link, and the hybridization of the two transmissions allows the system to adapt to a variety of complex environments while maintaining a high rate of transmission, improves system stability, and greatly reduces system complexity through the design of a shared transmitter. An experimental demonstration of the system has been carried out, and the results show that the hybrid RF/FSO system supports 50 Gbit/s transmission, satisfying the 20% soft-decision forward error correction (SD-FEC) threshold of 2.4 × 10. Additionally, for the FSO link, the system supports 100 GBaud QPSK and 32 GBaud 16QAM transmissions individually. The proposed structure combines the advantages of RF and FSO, providing a foundation for future high-speed, broadband, all-environment communication.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s25072021 | DOI Listing |
J Sep Sci
September 2025
Programa De Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
Secondary metabolites are important bioactive compounds for diet and medicine. This study optimizes the extraction of hydroethanolic herbal extracts using an EDGE (Energized Dispersive Guided Extraction) system, evaluates their antioxidant capacity, and analyzes correlations among antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and individual compounds. A Doehlert matrix design was used to optimize extraction, having temperature and time as independent variables, and total phenolic content (mg GAE/g) as the response, quantified via the Folin-Ciocalteu method.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPlant Dis
September 2025
Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang, China;
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) cause catastrophic yield losses in global agriculture. This study identified itaconic acid (IA), through comparative metabolomic analysis (the study of small molecules in biological systems), as a key virulence-related metabolite produced by the fungus Trichoderma citrinoviride Snef1910.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Sep Sci
September 2025
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
The increasing use of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in consumer and biomedical products has raised concern over their potential accumulation, transformation, and toxicity in biological systems. Accurate analytical methods are essential to detect, characterize, and quantify NPs in complex biological matrices. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has emerged as a leading technique due to its high sensitivity, elemental selectivity, and quantitative capabilities.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWounds
August 2025
Department of Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil.
Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a major clinical challenge, particularly among patients with refractory ulcers, that often lead to severe complications such as infection, amputation, and high mortality. Innovations supported by strong clinical evidence have the potential to improve healing outcomes, enhance quality of life, and reduce the economic burden on individuals and health care systems.
Objective: To describe the design of the concurrent optical and magnetic stimulation (COMS) therapy Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) study for refractory DFUs (MAVERICKS) trial.