Polyyne production is regulated by the transcriptional regulators PgnC and GacA in Pf-5.

Polyynes produced by bacteria have promising applications in agriculture and medicine due to their potent antimicrobial activities. Polyyne biosynthetic genes have been identified in and . However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of polyyne biosynthesis remain largely unknown. In this study, we used a soil bacterium Pf-5, which was recently reported to produce polyyne called protegenin, as a model to investigate the regulation of bacterial polyyne production. Our results show that Pf-5 controls polyyne production at both the pathway-specific level and a higher global level. Mutation of , a transcriptional regulatory gene located in the polyyne biosynthetic gene cluster, abolished polyyne production. Gene expression analysis revealed that PgnC directly activates the promoter of polyyne biosynthetic genes. The production of polyyne also requires a global regulator GacA. Mutation of decreased the translation of PgnC, which is consistent with the result that leader mRNA bound directly to RsmE, an RNA-binding protein negatively regulated by GacA. These results suggest that GacA induces the expression of the PgnC regulator, which in turn activates polyyne biosynthesis. Additionally, the polyyne-producing strain of Pf-5, but not the polyyne-nonproducing strain, could inhibit a broad spectrum of bacteria including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.IMPORTANCEAntimicrobial metabolites produced by bacteria are widely used in agriculture and medicine to control plant, animal, and human pathogens. Although bacteria-derived polyynes have been identified as potent antimicrobials for decades, the molecular mechanisms by which bacteria regulate polyyne biosynthesis remain understudied. In this study, we found that polyyne biosynthesis is directly activated by a pathway-specific regulator PgnC, which is induced by a global regulator GacA through the RNA-binding protein RsmE in . To our knowledge, this work is the first comprehensive study of the regulatory mechanisms of bacterial polyyne biosynthesis at both pathway-specific level and global level. The discovered molecular mechanisms can help us optimize polyyne production for agricultural or medical applications.