Optimizing the multi-model ensemble of CMIP6 GCMs for climate simulation over Bangladesh.

This study aims to enhance the precision of climate simulations by optimizing a multi-model ensemble of General Circulation Models (GCMs) for simulating precipitation, maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin). Bangladesh, with its susceptibility to rapid seasonal shifts and various forms of flooding, is the focal point of this research. Historical simulations of 19 CMIP6 GCMs are meticulously compared with ERA5 data for 1986-2014. The bilinear interpolation technique is used to harmonize the resolution of GCM data with the observed grid points. Seven distinct error metrics, including Kling-Gupta Efficiency and normalized root mean squared error, quantify the grid-to-grid agreement between GCMs and ERA5 data. The metrics are integrated into the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for seasonal and annual rankings of GCMs. Finally, the ensemble means of top-performing models are estimated using Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) and Arithmetic Mean (AM) for relative comparison. The outcomes of this study underscore the variability in GCM performance across different seasons, necessitating the development of an overarching ranking system. Results reveal ACCESS.CM2 is the preeminent GCM for precipitation, with an overall rating matric of 0.99, while INM.CM4.8 and UKESM1.0.LL excel in replicating Tmax and Tmin, with rating matrices of 1.0 and 0.88. In contrast, FGOALS.g3, KACE.1.0.G, and CanESM5 are the most underperformed models in estimating precipitation, Tmx, and Tmn, respectively. Overall, there are five models, ACCESS.ESM1.5, ACCESS.CM2, UKESM1.0.LL, MRI.ESM2.0, EC.Earth3 performed best in simulating both precipitation and temperature. The relative comparison of the ensemble means of the top five models revealed that the accuracy of BMA with Kling Gupta Efficiency (KGE) of 0.82, 0.65, and 0.82 surpasses AM with KGE of 0.59, 0.28, and 0.45 in capturing the spatial pattern of precipitation, Tmax and Tmin, respectively. This study offers invaluable insights into the selection of GCMs and ensemble methodologies for climate simulations in Bangladesh. Improving the accuracy of climate projections in this region can contribute significantly to climate science.