Exposure Risk Identification and Priority Control List Development of Pesticides in Agricultural Cultivation Areas.

The adverse effects of 33 typical pesticides in dry and paddy lands in typical cultivation areas of China were investigated. First, the resistance and cross-resistance (for target organisms), toxicity, and joint toxicity (for nontarget organisms) of pesticides were evaluated, and nine pesticides with high resistance, three with wide cross-resistance, nine with high toxicity, and one with wide joint toxicity were screened. Second, the optimal synergist control schemes in dry and paddy lands were developed, under which resistance to target organisms (corn aphid, soybean aphid, and rice water weevil) reduced by 23.46%, 46.06%, and 26.36% (maximum), respectively, and toxicity (neurotoxicity and developmental toxicity) to nontarget organisms (ladybird beetle, parasitic wasp, and Chinese mitten crab) reduced by 38.83%, 17.76%, and 15.94% (maximum), respectively. Third, the multitoxicity (neurotoxicity, metabolic toxicity, developmental toxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and respiratory toxicity) adverse outcome pathway based on human health risk was constructed, and 10 pesticides with higher risk and composite risk were identified. Finally, the total exposure risk of 33 typical pesticides was predicted, and a priority control list was proposed. This study provides theoretical guidance for controlling pesticide application to achieve the green and sustainable development of agricultural soils.