Integrating Diagnostic Approaches in Infant Bacterial Meningitis Caused by a Non-K1 : A Case Report.

Background: Infant meningitis, particularly caused by , remains a life-threatening condition, especially in premature and low-weight infants. Infections of the central nervous system can be fatal, necessitating prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Acute infections caused by various pathogens, including , often present with similar clinical symptoms. The rapid identification of pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance mechanisms is critical for timely and effective treatment. We report the case of an 8-month-old patient who presented with fever, diarrhea, and convulsive seizures and was subsequently diagnosed with meningitis. Despite initial empirical treatment with ceftriaxone, the patient's condition worsened.

Methods: At Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, molecular diagnostic tools, including the FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis and Blood Culture Identification panels, were employed.

Results: Although the Meningitis panel did not detect any pathogens due to the lack of the specific bacterial target, the off-label use of the Blood Culture Identification panel identified a non-K1 strain carrying the CTX-M resistance gene, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Despite the rapid diagnostic approach and adjustment of antibiotic therapy, the patient succumbed to the infection due to the strain's high virulence and multidrug resistance. Whole-genome sequencing further characterized the strain, revealing that it belonged to the ST131 group, a highly resistant and virulent strain associated with sepsis.

Conclusions: This case highlights the importance of integrating advanced molecular diagnostics, such as whole-genome sequencing, with traditional methods to improve pathogen detection, especially in cases of emerging resistant strains that are not covered by standard diagnostic panels. It also emphasizes the need for the continuous adaptation of diagnostic tools to include non-K1 strains for more comprehensive and timely meningitis diagnosis.