Triggering mechanics and early warning for snowmelt-rainfall-induced loess landslide.

Loess landslides represent a significant natural hazard, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where slopes are exposed to prolonged snowmelt and rainfall infiltration. To analyze landslide stability and conduct early warning evaluations effectively, a robust monitoring system and appropriate equipment are crucial. This study utilizes historical data from the Kalahaisu landslide in Xinyuan County, Ili region, which was monitored using various techniques. The research assesses the time resolution, spatial resolution, and data accuracy of these monitoring methods. Additionally, the study explores the landslide disaster patterns and early warning indicators for the Kalahaisu landslide. It suggested that the deformation of the rainfall- and snowmelt- landslide is not only affected by the seasonal climates but also closely related to the internal structures of the loess. The other observation is that the respective time and spatial resolution of monitoring instrument would significantly affect the the interpretation time of the landslide deformation. Instruments with higher spatial resolution can more effectively identify unstable areas within a landslide, while instruments with higher temporal resolution can provide detailed time-series deformation data. Therefore, real-time and comprehensive monitoring of landslides using a suitable combination of monitoring equipment can provide strong data support for landslide stability evaluation and deformation trend prediction. Full-area monitoring techniques, such as Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and equipment that measures changes in internal properties like deep water content, deep displacement, and pore pressure, offer a more comprehensive and effective approach to monitoring and interpreting landslide deformation. The insights gained from this research may enhance the prediction and prevention of loess landslides in the Ili River valley.