Unraveling dynamics and interactions of core microorganisms in the biodegradation of keratin-based feather wastes.

Waste feathers, abundant byproducts of the poultry industry, pose significant environmental challenges. Although microbial degradation has been investigated, the core microorganisms and their interactions remain underexplored. This study examined microbial community dynamics during feather degradation, using diverse feather sources and under varying temperatures. Significant divergences were observed in bacterial communities, with Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteriota (56.65%, 18.13%, and 11.14%) as dominant phyla. A core microbial consortium of 51 taxa was identified, with 8 core genera from the Bacilli class, significantly enriched during degradation. Higher temperature (50 °C) accelerated degradation. Dynamics patterns showed the enrichment of and depletion of some strains. Functional prediction highlighted the mechanisms for keratin biodegradation. This study identified core microorganisms and enzymes during keratin degradation, providing evidence to microbial treatment of keratin-based waste to reduce agricultural pollution.