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Benzethonium chloride (BZC) and methylparaben (MeP) are commonly added into cosmetics as preservatives, which are frequently detected in wastewater treatment plants. Different response patterns of denitrification system were proposed under single and combined exposure to BZC and MeP (0, 0.5, 5 mg/L) by evaluating system performance, functional genes, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), cytotoxicity, microbial community structure and resistance genes (RGs). The inhibition effect of BZC on denitrification system was stronger than MeP, and the co-exposure of BZC and MeP showed synergistic effect, enhancing the inhibition effect of BZC single exposure. BZC and/or MeP could promote the diffusion of RGs in sludge, including intracellular RGs (si-RGs) and extracellular RGs (se-RGs). Moreover, the single exposure of BZC and co-exposure of BZC and MeP increased the dissemination risks of RGs in water (w-RGs). IntI1 and tnpA-04, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), correlated positively with diverse RGs from different fractions. Notably, the spread of RGs through horizontal gene transfer mediated by MGEs and the flow of si-RGs into extracellular and water were observed in this study.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136010 | DOI Listing |
J Hazard Mater
September 2025
National Engineering Lab for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
Methylparaben (MeP), Benzethonium chloride (BZC) and microplastics (MPs) as emerging contaminants are frequently detected in the environment. Furthermore, MPs can be colonized by microorganisms to form a unique ecological niche known as the "plastisphere". In this study, three biofilm-based sulfur autotrophic denitrification (SAD) reactors were established, which were exposed to 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Res
September 2025
National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
Partial denitrification coupled with anammox (PD/A) has emerged as a promising low-carbon strategy for energy-efficient nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater. However, the reactivation of PD/A systems following operational disturbances remains challenging, particularly under continuous-flow conditions, where microbial interactions and process stability are more complex than in sequencing batch reactors. This study systematically and first evaluated the recovery dynamics of a continuous-flow PD/A process seeded with low-activity granular sludge stored at 4 °C for three months.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Hazard Mater
September 2025
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China. Electronic address:
Soil serves as the habitat for numerous organisms and is increasingly threatened from co-pollution of novel brominated flame retardant (NBFRs) and heavy metals (HMs). Focusing on Deca-bromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and cadmium (Cd) as the targets, we constructed a soil-lettuce-earthworm microcosm to explore co-pollution effects in rhizosphere soils. Results showed that DBDPE increased bioavailable Cd fraction to amplified its ecological risks.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWater Res
August 2025
The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China. Electronic address:
Constructed wetlands (CWs) face dual challenges of arsenic contamination and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly concerning the competing processes of As(III) immobilization and methane-dependent As(V) reduction (AOM-AsR). To address this dilemma, we developed a novel microbial-nitrate-zero valent iron/manganese synergy (MNZS) system that establishes dynamic redox gradients through Fe/Mn-mediated electron flux regulation. The MNZS mechanism leverages zero valent iron/manganese (ZVI/ZVM) oxidation to create oxygen-depleted microzones, generating bioavailable Fe(II)/Mn(II) species while initiating microbial nitrate-reducing-coupled Fe(II)/Mn(II) oxidation (NRFO/NRMO).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWater Res
August 2025
Key Laboratory of SFGA (SPA) on Conservation Ecology in the Northeast Tiger and Leopard National park & Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecological Functions and Ecological Security, College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133300, China.
Snowpack variations in cold regions exert profound influences on the ecological functioning of constructed wetlands (CWs), particularly with respect to GHG emissions and nutrient removal. However, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be clarified. This study established pilot-scale vertical subsurface flow CWs in Northeast China, with Phragmites australis and Iris sibirica, and applied doubled snowpack (DS) and natural snow cover (CK) during winter.
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