Soil bacterial community composition is altered more by soil nutrient availability than pH following long-term nutrient addition in a temperate steppe.

Although aboveground biodiversity has been extensively studied, the impact of nutrient enrichment on soil microbial populations remains unclear. Soil microorganisms serve as important indicators in shaping soil nutrient cycling processes and are typically sensitive to nutrient additions. For this, we employed a factorial combination design to examine the impact of nutrient additions on the composition and function of soil bacteria in a temperate steppe. Nitrogen addition promoted the growth of copiotrophic bacteria (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota) but inhibited the growth of oligotrophic bacteria (Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Verrucomicrobiota). Phosphorus addition alleviated phosphorus deficiency, resulting in a decrease in the abundance of phoD-harboring bacteria (Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria). Significant enhancement of soil bacterial alpha diversity was observed only in treatments with added phosphorus. Changes in NO -N, NH -N, available phosphorus, and dissolved organic carbon resulting from nutrient addition may have a greater impact on microbial community structure than changes in soil pH caused by nitrogen addition. Moreover, nutrient addition may indirectly impact microbial ecological function by altering nutrient availability in the soil. In conclusion, our study suggests that soil nutrient availability, particularly available phosphorus, affects soil bacterial communities and potentially regulates the biogeochemical cycles of soil ecosystems.