Evaluation of droplet deposition parameters based on the Genetic-Otsu algorithm.

Pesticide spraying is a cost-effective way to control crop pests and diseases. The effectiveness of this method relies on the deposition and distribution of the spray droplets within the targeted application area. There is a critical need for an accurate and stable detection algorithm to evaluate the liquid droplet deposition parameters on the water-sensitive paper (WSP) and reduce the impact of image noise. This study acquired 90 WSP samples with diverse coverage through field spraying experiments. The droplets on the WSP were subsequently isolated, and the coverage and density were computed, employing the fixed threshold method, the Otsu threshold method, and our Genetic-Otsu threshold method. Based on the benchmark of manually measured data, an error analysis was conducted on the accuracy of three methods, and a comprehensive evaluation was carried out. The relative error results indicate that the Genetic-Otsu method proposed in this research demonstrates superior performance in detecting droplet coverage and density. The relative errors of droplet density in the sparse, medium, and dense droplet groups are 2.7%, 1.5%, and 2.0%, respectively. The relative errors of droplet coverage are 1.5%, 0.88%, and 1.2%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the Genetic-Otsu algorithm outperforms the other two algorithms. The proposed algorithm effectively identifies small-sized droplets and accurately distinguishes the multiple independent contours of adjacent droplets even in dense droplet groups, demonstrating excellent performance. Overall, the Genetic-Otsu algorithm offered a reliable solution for detecting droplet deposition parameters on WSP, providing an efficient tool for evaluating droplet deposition parameters in UAV pesticide spraying applications.